Abortifacient and aphrodisiac (plant); anthelmintic, narcotic, alterative, lactagogue, antispasmodic, hypnotic, anodyne, emetic, alleviates spasms, narcotic and kills certain insects (seed); antimicrobial, hypertensive, stimulates motor tracts of the central nervous system, acts as an MAO inhibitor, diuretic, stupefacient,diaphoretic.

Anti-inflammatory and antiviral (plant); alterative, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, expectorant, hypnotic, narcotic and purgative (root); anodyne and anti-inflammatory (dried root); cathartic, emetic and expectorant (leaves).

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, hypnotic, sedative and tonic (bark)

Anticholinergic, antispasmodic, bitter, cerebrosedative, diuretic, hypnotic, intoxicant, mydriatic, myorelaxant, narcotic, parasympatholytic, positive chronotropic, positive dromotropic, sedative and toxic (dried root)

Antiseptic, astringent, carminative, hypnotic and hypoglycaemic

Sedative and kills bacteria (rhizome and root), alleviates spasms and expectorant (root), antibacterial (essential oil), antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, hypnotic, nervine, stimulant.

The root is antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, hypnotic, powerfully nervine, stimulant, sedative, antistress, hypnotic, reduces pain sensation and promotes sleep

Analgesic, anthelmintic, cathartic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, hypnotic and sternutatory (roots)

Abortifacient, adaptogen, antibiotic, astringent, deobstruent, narcotic, sedative, tonic, antitumor, stimulates the central nervous system, antihepatotoxic, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial (leaf); stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk (plant); hypnotic (sedative), aphrodisiac, diuretic, antispasmodic, stimulates the immune system.

Hypnotic, narcotic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (seeds); useful in arresting secretion or bleeding (bark); purifies the blood and aids digestion, increases the function of the brain by releasing more glutamic acid into the bloodstream (fruit); astringent and febrifuge (leaves); anodyne, anticancer, pectoral, refrigerant, sedative, stomachic, styptic and tonic (dried fruits).