Cardiotonic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and astringent (leaves).

Demulcent, expectorant, immunostimulant, irritant, rubefacient, stimulant and vulnerary.

Emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, alterative and tonic (plant)

Analgesic, bitter, antirheumatic and diuretic (root bark); antibacterial, fungicidal and anticystic (plant juice and volatile portion of plant); anthelmintic (root); mild laxative and expectorant; acrid and astringent (dried flower bud)

Antispasmodic, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and tonic

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, emmenagogue, galactogogue, stimulant, expectorant, antiemetic and relieves bad breath (seed); aids in digestion and carminative (seed and fruit); alleviates spasms (essential plant oil and alcohol fruit extract).

Relaxes muscles of the bronchial tubes and intestines (leaf alcohol extract); alleviates spasms (plant); anthelmintic and antiseptic (leaves); expectorant (whole plant).

Antispasmodic and antiviral (stem bark); astringent, anti-inflammatory, expectorant and tonic (leaf and bark).

Astingent, antispasmodic, antisyphilitic, strongly astringent (they contain 8% tannin), expectorant, haemostatic and sedative (root)

Antiinflammatory, analgesic and fights pathogenic Epidermophyton, carminative (wood), astringent and febrifuge (bark); expectorant.

The seeds are acrid, bitter, thermogenic, emollient, stimulant, intellect promoting, digestive, laxative, emetic, expectorant, appetizer, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge and tonic, improves learning and memory and shows cognitive enhancing abilities through an anti-cholinesterase-like mechanism.

Anticephalagic (plant and seed); antiseptic, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and hypothermic (plant); induces sneezing (leaf and seed powder); anti-allergic, antibacterial; bitter, pungent, expectorant, emetic and carminative (leaves); vermifuge (seed).

Emetic in large doses (root); induces nausea in intermediate doses; diaphoretic and expectorant in small doses; anti-irritant for skin.

Stimulates the secretion and flow of gastric juices and kills bacteria (similar to that of antibiotics), demulcent, anti-inflammatory, anti-emetic, expectorant.

Allergenic, antibilious, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, antiradicular, antiviral, bitter, carminative, chemopreventive, choleretic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, gastrostimulant, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, laxative, lipolytic, phagocytotic, probiotigenic, stimulant, tonic.

Alterative, analgesic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, blood cleanser, cardiac, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, sudorific and tonic.

Astringent, aromatic, stimulant, carminative, expectorant, antiemetic, reduces nausea and lipolytic.

Stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part and essential plant oil); sedative (in hysteria), antibacterial, carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, rubefacient, expectorant and aphrodisiac (essential plant oil).

Antirheumatic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, antiviral, aperitif, bactericidal, febrifuge, restorative, tonic, diuretic and stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); anthelmintic and antibilious (fruit juice), antiemetic, antitussive, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive and expectorant (fruit). An oil obtained from the seeds contains linolenic acid, which has the ability to reduce cholesterol level in the blood.

Reduces fever and expectorant (fruit); stimulant (rind).