Hypotensive (root); emetic (root and seed); laxative (flower. root and seed); diaphoretic, expectorant, antipyretic and diuretic.

Diuretic and expectorant (aerial parts, especially the flowers); emollient (leaves).

Anodyne, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, cardiac, demulcent, depurative, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, laxative, vulnerary stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic (plant); emetic and purgative (root)

Depresses the central nervous system, analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiinflammatory (leaf), anodyne, bitter tonic, expectorant, diuretic, febrifuge, galactagogue, emenagogue, antigastalgic, leaves anti-parasitical, alterative, aromatic, pain reliever.

The fresh fruit is antilithic, constructive, cooling, diuretic and strengthening. The dried fruit is demulcent, cooling, mildly expectorant, laxative and stomachic. The leaves, especially red leaves, are anti-inflammatory and astringent. The seed is anti-inflammatory and astringent. The sap of young branches is diuretic.

Analgesic, antiemetic, aphrodisiac, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, expectorant, nervine, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.