Narcotic and lowers blood pressure (plant); antiasthmatic, antibacterial, antidote, antifungal, antitussive, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and vermifuge (root)

Anti-inflammatory and antiviral (plant); alterative, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, expectorant, hypnotic, narcotic and purgative (root); anodyne and anti-inflammatory (dried root); cathartic, emetic and expectorant (leaves).

Antibiotic, antiseptic, balsamic, expectorant and sedative (buds, leaves and resin); rubefacient and stimulant (pitch or resin from trunk).

Allergenic, analgesic, antipyretic, antiseptic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.

The seed is antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, pectoral, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, slightly diuretic, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, antimicrobial and kills certain insects.

Expectorant and prevents stones in the urinary tract; aromatic, acrid, pungent, diuretic and diaphoretic (dried root); antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, resolvent and stomachic (leaves and root)

Antiemetic, antiphlogistic, expectorant, febrifuge, sialagogue and styptic (root); analgesic, antiemetic, anticancer and sedative (plant extract).

Analgesic, antiseptic and expectorant (pine tar)

Rubefacient, expectorant, antiseptic, diuretic and vermifuge (oil); diaphoretic and stimulant (wood)

Antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge (turpentine obtained from the resin); demulcent, diuretic and expectorant (dried inner bark)

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient and vermifuge (turpentine from the resin); antiseptic, diuretic and expectorant (leaves and young shoots); diuretic and respiratory-stimulant (seed essential oil)

Stomachic, expectorant, and stimulant (fruit)

Expectorant (whole plant); carminative and diuretic (root)

Expectorant; carminative (oil)

Analgesic, antitussive, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, odontalgic, sedative and stimulant (resin).

Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antitussive, cardiac, diuretic, expectorant and haemostatic (leaves); as a bulk laxative (mucilage of seeds).

Astringent, demulcent, mildly expectorant, haemostatic, ophthalmic and antibiotic (leaf); Diuretic, hypothermic and antibacterial (plant); vulnerary, alterative, astringent and antiinflammatory (root and leaf); ; diuretic, purgative and haemostatic (seeds)

The leaves are astringent, demulcent, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic and refrigerant.

Anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiphlogistic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, expectorant, haemolytic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (roots).

Antiperiodic, stimulant, sudorific, stomachic, carminative, astringent, anthelmintic, laxative, expectorant, tonic, alterative, abortifacient, and alexipharmic.