Febrifuge, stimulant, astringent, expectorant (bark); purgative and emmenagogue (root and root bark); stimulant, antispasmodic, tonic, stomachic, carminative, bitter and cooling (flowers and fruits).

Bronchodilator, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and pain-reliever (Leaves).

Coolant, resolvent and laxative (seeds); expectorant (roots)

Abortifacient, antipyretic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, digestive and vermifuge; anthelmintic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, rubefacient and stimulant (leaves and flowering stems)

Vermifuge (leaves); Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, atipyretic, astringent, carcinogenic, cardiotonic, deobstruent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, laxative, stimulant.

Antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, hypoglycaemic, odontalgic and ophthalmic (leaves); antirheumatic, diuretic, hypotensive and pectoral (stems); antitussive, diuretic, expectorant and hypotensive (root bark); anthelmintic and purgative (bark)

Abortifacient, aromatic, astringent, emmenagogue and stomachic (leaves); antioxidant, antiviral, astringent, bactericide, diuretic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, fungicide, hepatoprotective, insecticide, insecticide, narcotic, sedative, sialagogue, stimulant, stomachic, toxic and vermifuge (plant)

Antibacterial, antiseptic, expectorant, fungicide and stimulant.

Aromatic, carminative, expectorant and stomachic (whole plant); antiseptic (root)

Antiscorbutic and stimulant (plant); blood purifier, vermifuge and diuretic (plant decoction); antiscorbutic, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, purgative, hypoglycaemic, odontalgic, stimulant and stomachic (leaves)

The leaves and the flowers are cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and sternutatory; cardiotonic (leaf, bark, root and seed); induces tears (fresh leaf juice); stimulant, antiinflammatory and relieves pain (bark, root and seed)

Medicinally it is used as a sedative, diuretic, expectorant, discutient, and sialagogue, and internally only as an emetic, when all other emetics fail. The leaves are antispasmodic, discutient, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, irritant, narcotic, sedative and sialagogue.

Laxative, diaphoretic, cholagogue, antiinflammatory (leaf juice); expectorant (bark).

Expectorant, stomachic, diuretic, antiseptic and cardiac stimulant, febrifuge (root).

Antiperiodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and pectoral (fruit)

Antipyretic, antitussive, aperitif, cardiotonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (plant); astringent (root); cardiotonic (flowers)

Antitussive, anticancer, aphrodisiac, expectorant, pectoral, sedative, sialogogue, stomachic and tonic (root); antipyretic, antiscrofulatic, antitussive, emollient, expectorant and tonic (plant)

Aphrodisiac and increases nerve strength (plant); expectorant and astringent (tubers)

Nutritive, astringent, expectorant, antidiarrheal and demulcent

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (herb)