Antidote, astringent, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, emollient, febrifuge, emmenagogue, galactogogue, alleviates spasms and antagonistic to hyperactive effects of amphetamines (plant); laxative (root and leaf).

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, circulotonic, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emetic, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, vulnerary.

Alterative, analgesic, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, deobstruent, emmenagogue, emollient, hepatic, laxative, sedative and peripheral vasodilator (root)

Antitussive, astringent, cholagogue, discutient, diuretic and emollient (whole plant)

Anticoagulant, antispasmodic, carminative, emollient and stimulant (whole plant and flowering stems)

Astringent, demulcent, diuretic and refrigerant (herb)

Antiaggregant, antioxidant, aperient, demulcent, emollient and pectoral (oil from the seeds); anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, decoagulant, demulcent, pectoral, and peptic (seeds).

Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emetic, expectorant, hallucinogenic, purgative, sedative, stimulates cardiovascular system and respiration (root, stem and leaf extract); antiviral (plant).

Antipyretic, cancer, contraceptive, antitumour, bactericidal, emollient and vulnerary (roots).

Sudorific, diuretic and anti-lactant (rhizome); antigalactagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, hypertensive, hypotensive, and sudorific (root infusion).

Demulcent, diaphoretic, galactogogue, stimulant, aphrodisiac (root bark powder); antimicrobial (root).

Antispasmodic, aperient, cardiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative and tonic (plant); diaphoretic, hypotensive, strongly diuretic and laxative (roots); cardiac sedative, palliative, diuretic and laxative (rhizome); antibiotic (seed).

Demulcent (gum)

Demulcent, emollient, galactogogue and laxative (plant)

Astringent, tonic, alterative, purgative, emollient, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and antiviral.

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, demulcent, tonic, pectoral, stimulant, antifertility.

Inhibits vomiting (root decoction) and antiviral (plant); antidote, aperient, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative, rubefacient.

As aphrodisiac (fruit); tonic and vermifuge (seeds); demulcent (leaves)

Anodyne, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, digestive, emollient, expectorant, laxative, ophthalmic, purgative and tonic (herb)

Anti-inflammatory, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, tonic, aphrodisiac (fruit); anthelmintic (seed); antiviral (plant); highly nutritive, cooling, laxative and diuretic.