Analgesic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antispasmodic, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, stimulant, tonic and vulnerary (leaves and flowering stems).

Alterative, antiscorbutic, very mildly diuretic, emmenagogue and febrifuge (whole plant)

Alterative, astringent, mildly diuretic, mildly expectorant, stomachic and tonic (leaves and roots)

Diuretic, expectorant, tonic

Diuretic and Stomachic (seeds)

Hypotensive (root); emetic (root and seed); laxative (flower. root and seed); diaphoretic, expectorant, antipyretic and diuretic.

Diuretic and expectorant (aerial parts, especially the flowers); emollient (leaves).

Anodyne, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, cardiac, demulcent, depurative, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, laxative, vulnerary stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic (plant); emetic and purgative (root)

Sedative, antispasmodic, cardiac, cytostatic, diuretic, hypotensive, narcotic, nervine, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, emetic, anticancer and has a positve effect on arteriosclerosis (aerial part and leaf); hypotensive (leaf, wood and bark); diuretic and laxative (fruit); cardiotonic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic and purgative (fruit, leaf, wood and bark).

Depresses the central nervous system, analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiinflammatory (leaf), anodyne, bitter tonic, expectorant, diuretic, febrifuge, galactagogue, emenagogue, antigastalgic, leaves anti-parasitical, alterative, aromatic, pain reliever.

Diaphoretic and diuretic (infusion of boiled roots); anthelmintic (fruits)/

The fresh fruit is antilithic, constructive, cooling, diuretic and strengthening. The dried fruit is demulcent, cooling, mildly expectorant, laxative and stomachic. The leaves, especially red leaves, are anti-inflammatory and astringent. The seed is anti-inflammatory and astringent. The sap of young branches is diuretic.

Stomachic (root); emmenagogue, diuretic and slightly purgative (decoction of the fresh roots); diuretic (leaves); vulnerary and antiperiodic (decoction of leaves); violent purgative (flowers)

Carminative, emetic, alterative, diuretic, antibilious, antiinflammatory, depresses the central nervous system and sedative (fruit); proteolytic (plant and fruit).

Abortifacient, adaptogen, antibiotic, astringent, deobstruent, narcotic, sedative, tonic, antitumor, stimulates the central nervous system, antihepatotoxic, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial (leaf); stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk (plant); hypnotic (sedative), aphrodisiac, diuretic, antispasmodic, stimulates the immune system.

The whole plant is an active styptic for both local and general application. It is also diaphoretic, diuretic and sedative. An infusion of the root has been used as an emetic

Antiepileptic, sedative, laxative, diaphoretic, emollient, diuretic, sedative and antibilious (plant); antiinflammatory, antitumor and hypothermic (root); astringent, alterative, antisyphilitic and diuretic (leaves)

Irritant, odontalgic and antirheumatic (bark and roots); diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic and antirheumatic (fruits).

Anaesthetic, anthelmintic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant, sudorific, vasodilator and vermifuge (fruits); anaesthetic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive and diuretic (pericarp)

Irritant, odontalgic and antirheumatic (bark and roots); diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic and antirheumatic (fruits).