Diuretic, sedative, antirheumatic, antidiarrheal and astringent (leaf); inhibits peristalsis of rabbit intestines (leaf essential oil); mild hemolytic (flower); alleviates spasms and expectorant (leaf and flower).

Diuretic, emmenagogue and haemostatic (pollen); anticoagulant and hemostatic (dried pollen).

Diuretic (leaves); astringent, desiccant, diuretic, haemostatic and vulnerary (pollen); astringent and diuretic (rootstock); haemostatic (seed).

Diuretic (leaves); astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, haemostatic, refrigerant, sedative, suppurative and vulnerary (pollen); anticoagulant and haemostatic (dried pollen); diuretic, galactogogue, refrigerant and tonic (roots).

Astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue and haemostatic (pollen); anticoagulant and haemostatic (dried pollen)

Astringent, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, tonic, vulnerary.

Antioxidant, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, nutritive (inner bark); abortifacient (whole bark)

Heart stimulant, anthelmintic, alexiteric, expectorant, cardiac, diuretic deobstruent and emmenagogue (bulb) and cyanogenetic (plant); aids in removing any obstructions to secretion or excretion (in the body) and expectorant.

Cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic, when taken in large doses and expectorant, hypotensive (bulb)

Antiparamecium (leaf extract); astringent, diuretic (which relieves rheumatism and edema), increases metabolic rate, anticancer, antidiabetes, antianemic, cholinergic and histaminic (plant); inflammatory (stinging hairs).

Mildly astringent, diuretic and vulnerary (whole plant)

Anodyne, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, styptic and vulnerary (seed); febrifuge and tonic (sap)

Anodyne, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, styptic and vulnerary (seed); febrifuge and tonic (plant sap)

Laxative, antiseptic, astringent, diuretic and hemostatic; astringent, tonic, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic (leaves)

Antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, refrigerant (leaves).

Bitter, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, nervine and stimulant (root); antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, diaphoretic and stimulant (plant)

Sedative and kills bacteria (rhizome and root), alleviates spasms and expectorant (root), antibacterial (essential oil), antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, hypnotic, nervine, stimulant.

The root is antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, hypnotic, powerfully nervine, stimulant, sedative, antistress, hypnotic, reduces pain sensation and promotes sleep

Analgesic, diaphoretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, narcotic and sedative (root); abortifacient, antipyretic, antispasmodic, arteriosedative, cardiosedative, decongestant, diuretic, hepatotonic, hypotensive, insecticide, nephrotonic, sedative, tranquilizer.

Expectorant, soothing and healing (all acting together), kills bacteria, antiinflammatory and mildly antispasmodic and diuretic; anodyne, antiseptic, astringent, demulcent, emollient, expectorant and vulnerary (flowers and leaves);