The seed is antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, pectoral, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, slightly diuretic, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, antimicrobial and kills certain insects.

Expectorant and prevents stones in the urinary tract; aromatic, acrid, pungent, diuretic and diaphoretic (dried root); antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, resolvent and stomachic (leaves and root)

Anodyne and stimulant (seed); antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge (resin)

Rubefacient, expectorant, antiseptic, diuretic and vermifuge (oil); diaphoretic and stimulant (wood)

Antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge (turpentine obtained from the resin); demulcent, diuretic and expectorant (dried inner bark)

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient and vermifuge (turpentine from the resin); antiseptic, diuretic and expectorant (leaves and young shoots); diuretic and respiratory-stimulant (seed essential oil)

Antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge.

Kills mosquito larvae, anthelmintic and antiviral (essential oil); antibacterial (seed); antiasthmatic, irritant, carminative, sedative, diuretic and antidysenteric (fruit)

Carminative (fruit), stimulant, diuretic, lowers blood pressure and reduces fever (root), analgesic (root and fruit), antimicrobial (essential oil), hypoglycemic and induces spasms (plant) antitubercular and hematinic.

Diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antifungal, antibacterial, kills certain larvae and tapeworms and stimulates the secretion of gastric juices (fruit); lowers blood pressure (leaf), abortifacient, antiinflammatory and rubefacient.

Expectorant (whole plant); carminative and diuretic (root)

Emollient (leaves); emmenagogue, galactagogue, and diuretic (leaf juice); stimulant and diuretic (roots); digestive (decoction of roots); emmenagogue, anti-abortive and antihaemorrhagic (aerial parts).

Anti-inflammatory and diuretic (leaves).

Analgesic, antitussive, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, odontalgic, sedative and stimulant (resin).

Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antitussive, cardiac, diuretic, expectorant and haemostatic (leaves); as a bulk laxative (mucilage of seeds).

Astringent, demulcent, mildly expectorant, haemostatic, ophthalmic and antibiotic (leaf); Diuretic, hypothermic and antibacterial (plant); vulnerary, alterative, astringent and antiinflammatory (root and leaf); ; diuretic, purgative and haemostatic (seeds)

The leaves are astringent, demulcent, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic and refrigerant.

Stomachic, refrigerant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, tonic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, haemostatic and antitussive (leaves); tonic, sedative, tranquillizer, aphrodisiac, antitussive and haemostatic (seeds)

Diuretic, carminative, stimulant (aerial parts); emmenagogue (leaves); antiseptic and aphrodisiac (oil).

Carminative, diuretic and anticancer (plant); anticephalalgic and antiasthmatic (leaf).