Similar to that of vitamin B12 (plant); "juvenomimetic activity" (petroleum ether extract of plant); febrifuge, antihelminthic, diuretic and galactagogue.

Induces photosensitization (fruit); Contraceptive, diuretic and tonic (Seed)

Diuretic, antispasmodic, lithontripic (seeds)

Diuretic and laxative (seeds)

Antitussive, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant and vulnerary (whole herb)

Hypotensive, anticancer and diuretic (aerial part); toxic to birds (berry).

Laxative and abortifacient (fruit juice); antiscorbutic and stimulates the flow of bile, emmenagogue (leaf); alleviates spasms (plant); antifertility (unripe fruit); antiinflammatory, diuretic.

Diuretic (decoction of entire plant)

Analgesic, carminative and diuretic (plant)

Anti-fungal, antiseptic, bitter, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, laxative, lenitive, sedative and tonic (rhizome); antiinflammatory, antipyretic, depurative, peristaltic.

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, circulotonic, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emetic, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, vulnerary.

Diuretic (plant); blistering agent (root); induces vomiting (seed).

The root is analgesic, antiarthritic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, CNS Depressant, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic,emetic, immunostimulant, laxative, myorelaxant and sedative. The whole plant is analgesic, antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, blood purifier, disinfectant, diuretic, laxative, stomachic and vulnerary.

Antihalitosis, aromatic, carminative, diuretic, galactogogue, stimulant, stomachic, aromatic carminative, reduces fever and anthelmintic (fruit); abortifacient (in rats) (seed extract); hypoglycemic, alleviates spasms (50% EtOH extract from fruit).

Carminative and stomachic (leaves); carminative, diaphoretic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root); aromatic, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, and emmenagogue

Analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, antidote, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, poultice and stimulant (root)

Diuretic (ripe fruit juice); vermifuge (root); sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine (bark, leaves, root)

Laxative (fruit); diuretic (leaves)

Antitussive, astringent, cholagogue, discutient, diuretic and emollient (whole plant)

Antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue and tonic (whole plant)