Antiinflammatory, diuretic, hypothermic and depresses the central nervous system (plant); laxative and emetic (seed).

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Antispasmodic, diuretic, sedative and tonic (root)

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic and stimulant (roots and flowers)

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, astringent, cardiotonic, discutient, diuretic, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic, styptic, tonic and vulnerary (roots); antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cardiotonic, diuretic, haemostatic and hypoglycaemic (roots and flowers)

Diuretic.

Aperient, alterative, emetic, expectorant and tonic (bark and fresh young shoots); aperient, astringent and diuretic (tea made from the leaves); astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic (shoot extract)

Diuretic, anticancer and stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); antihysteric (leaf and root); relieves headache (leaf).

Antiscorbutic and stomachic (fruit); vermifuge (leaf decoction); emetic, diuretic and vermifuge (root)

Antibacterial, anticoagulant, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge haemostatic and resolvent (root); antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatic and sedative (whole plant)

Laxative and antidropsical (root); diuretic (root and aerial part).

Roots are cooling, demulcent, carminative, diaphoretic and diuretic; alleviates spasms and antiprotozoal (plant); reduces fever and astringent (root). Leaves and young shoots are used as an emollient.

The fruit is used as a demulcent, diuretic, antiseptic and aphrodisiac. antibilious (root); alleviates spasms (fruit); kills certain larvae and diuretic (plant).

Abortifacient and aphrodisiac (plant); anthelmintic, narcotic, alterative, lactagogue, antispasmodic, hypnotic, anodyne, emetic, alleviates spasms, narcotic and kills certain insects (seed); antimicrobial, hypertensive, stimulates motor tracts of the central nervous system, acts as an MAO inhibitor, diuretic, stupefacient,diaphoretic.

Diuretic, stomachic, febrifuge, abortifacient and anti-aphrodisiac (leaves)

Analgesic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic and diuretic (root and leaves)

Tonic, diuretic and vermifuge (leaf decoction)

Diuretic, carminative, ecbolic, emmenagogue, antidandruff, antispasmodic, aperient, digestive, expectorant, galactofuge, kidney, stomachic, tonic and antipyretic (herb); antiscorbutic (leaves)

Carminative, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (fruit); diuretic (seed oil and fruit)