Carminative, diuretic and expectorant (tuber); cytotoxic (rhizome).

Astringent and mildly diuretic (whole plant)

Antibacterial, antifungal (plant); cardiotonic and diuretic (leaves and fruits); antiphlogistic, astringent and diuretic (seeds)

Sudorific, refrigerant, demulcent and tonic (decoction of roots); diuretic (decoction of rhizome)

Stimulates the central nervous system (plant) and aphrodisiac (leaf); laxative, reduces spasms and diuretic. Anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative (sap); anodyne and galactogogue (seed)

Anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative (plant sap).eu

Antibiotic, antidote, diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, lithontripic, odontalgic, poultice, purgative, vermifuge.

Laxative (leaf and bark);astringent, stimulant and febrifuge (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system (including the heart),spasmogenic and antiviral (aerial part); purgative, deobstruent and diuretic (leaves); stimulant and febrifuge (bark)

Purifies blood slightly diuretic and antiseptic; astringent (plant); mild astringent, haemostatic, hypnotic and depurative (flowers)

Astringent (bark); diuretic and antipyretic (seeds).

Acts as a diuretic (plant decoction).

Acts as a diuretic (decoction of roots); used as expectorant and anthelmintic (whole plant).

Astringent, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and vulnerary (bark); antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, haemostatic, rubefacient and vermifuge (resin)

Alterative, diuretic, laxative and tonic (bark); astringent (leaves); expectorant (buds and bark); disinfectant and laxative (needles and inner bark).

Analgesic, antidiarrheal , diuretic, and emetic

Antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emetic in large doses, emmenagogue, narcotic, parasiticide, stimulant and stomachic (leaves); antiseptic, aromatic, digestive, narcotic and stimulant (fruit)

Lowers blood pressure, sedative and diuretic. Antihalitosis, powerfully antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, cholagogue, diuretic, nervine, sedative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (oil)

Alterative, antipruritic, antiscorbutic, astringent, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and soporific (whole plant)

Mild diuretic, cardiotonic and sedative; tonic, antispasmodic, diuretic, analgesic and emmenagogue. Antispasmodic, astringent, cardiac, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, stomachic, tonic and uterine stimulant (leaves)

Diuretic (leaves); emmenagogue (dried flowers); antibacterial, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, ophthalmic and vasodilator (fruit); aphrodisiac, diuretic, emmenagogue, ophthalmic (seed); alterative, antibacterial, antifungal, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, vasodilator and vulnerary (aerial parts)