Anodyne, antibacterial, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, nervine and vermifuge (leaves and stems); restorative (root)

An excellent purgative and diuretic (dried root)

Allergenic, carcinogenic, diuretic, immunostimulant, irritant, laxative and toxic.

Antiprotozoal, anticancer, lowers blood sugar, alleviates spasms, stimulates the cardiovascular system, arrests bleeding, reduces fever, soothes the skin and mucous membranes, mild laxative, sedative, relieves pain, cyanogenetic, diuretic.

Anthelmintic, depurative, diuretic, styptic and vulnerary (whole plant)

Drastic purgative and diuretic

Anticancer, antiseptic, cathartic, emetic and purgative (plant); violent purgative and rubefacient (leaves); depilatory (latex in the stems); diuretic, parasiticide, antitumor and purgative (seed)

The plant is bitter, pungent, laxative, carminative and alexipharmic. The milky juice of its stem is used as purgative, rubefacient and expectorant, laxative, expectorant and diuretic (latex); dilates bronchial tubes (latex and stem).

Antifungal, anthelmintic, reduces fever, diuretic and anti-phlogistic.

Tonic, cholagogue and a valuable terebinthic diuretic (dried leaves and twigs)

Acts as a diuretic (infusion of roots)

Diuretic, analgesic and sedative (plant).

Acts as a diuretic (latex).

Tonic and diuretic (bark); vulnerary (bruised roots); astringent (young buds and the milky juice); diaphoretic (decoction of leaves); aphrodisiac (concentrated juice and fruit).

Chewed as an antidote (roots); purgative (latex of leaves and fruits); emetic (fruits); sudorific to headaches (leaves); diuretic (decoction of roots).

Antirheumatic (seed); diuretic, alleviates spasms, hypothermic, antistrychnine and stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems (aerial part); anthelminthic (fruit)

Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal (seeds); antiseptic (herb); stimulates the heart, nervous system, gall bladder, antidote, antiphlogistic, antitussive, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative and tonic (fruit)

Astringent, diuretic, laxative and tonic (leaves and fruits).

Antiseptic, astringent, emmenagogue, galactogogue and odontalgic (whole plant); abortifacient, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antiulcer, astringent, deodorant, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic, digestive, hemostat, neurotonic, tonic, urinary antiseptic (leaves); nerve tonic and slightly astringent (tea from the leaves); diuretic (tea made from root).

Antibacterial, antiherpetic, antileukemic, antispasmodic, depurative, diuretic, emetic, hepatotonic, laxative, peristaltic and prostaglandigenic.