The seeds are acrid, bitter, thermogenic, emollient, stimulant, intellect promoting, digestive, laxative, emetic, expectorant, appetizer, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge and tonic, improves learning and memory and shows cognitive enhancing abilities through an anti-cholinesterase-like mechanism.

Diaphoretic, diuretic and emetic (root); analgesic, antipyretic, astringent, cardioactive, cholagogue, depurative, emmenagogue, laxative.

Antiprotozoal, alleviates spasms and sedative (plant); on keratinization and collagen synthesis (stimulates hair and nail growth and provides support for the repair of cartilagen); neutralizes acids in the blood, antiinflammatory, laxative (mild), diuretic, antispasmodic.

Anticephalagic (plant and seed); antiseptic, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and hypothermic (plant); induces sneezing (leaf and seed powder); anti-allergic, antibacterial; bitter, pungent, expectorant, emetic and carminative (leaves); vermifuge (seed).

Spermicidal and antiviral (50% EtOH seed extract), antimicrobial (Sharma), anthelmintic, febrifuge, tonic, stomachic and diuretic.

Adaptogen, diuretic, emetic, uterine tonic and vermifuge (root)

Antipyretic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, hemostatic, laxative and narcotic (plant)

Antispasmodic (to the gastrointestinal tract), stimulates the flow of bile soothes and aids in healing digestive parts, kills microbes in the upper respiratory tract and sedative. Acrid, alterative, anodyne, antispasmodic, caustic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, hydrogogue, narcotic, purgative (leaves and sap)

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, rubefacient, stimulant and tonic (plant)

Alterative, antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, rubefacient, stimulant and tonic (whole plant); rubefacient (fresh leaves)

Antiseptic, carminative, diuretic and laxative (bulb)

Taken as a pectoral (decoction of rind or leaves); astringent, tonic and stimulant (bark); tonic, diuretic and febrifuge (seed); diuretic, febrifuge and vermifuge (dried latex)

Allergenic, antibilious, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, antiradicular, antiviral, bitter, carminative, chemopreventive, choleretic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, gastrostimulant, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, laxative, lipolytic, phagocytotic, probiotigenic, stimulant, tonic.

Carminative (seed); promotes or stimulates the flow of bile and gastric juices, protects the liver, diuretic, laxative, purifies the blood, coolant, sedative, diaphoretic, antiinflammatory and antispermatogenic. Appetizer, cholagogue, depurative, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, laxative and tonic (root and leaves)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antiperiodic, antiviral, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, sedative, tonic (root)

Alterative, analgesic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, blood cleanser, cardiac, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, sudorific and tonic.

Relieves pain, diaphoretic, germicide, reduces fever, laxative, astringent, carminative, diuretic and stimulates the heart and liver.

Antibacterial, antifungal, aphrodisiac, carminative, digestive tonic, diuretic, and stimulant.

Anti-inflammatory, diuretic and haemostatic (roots); haemostatic and diuretic (leaf)

Depresses the central nervous system (root and stem) and relaxes muscles (root); anthelmintic, astringent, reduces fever, antihistaminic and diuretic, antileukemic.