Diuretic (bark decoction)

Stimulant and diuretic (decoction of leafy twigs or bark)

Antirheumatic, diuretic, cathartic, diaphoretic, febrifuge and vulnerary (root)

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, demulcent, tonic, pectoral, stimulant, antifertility.

Antiviral; astringent, diuretic and lithotriptic (leaves); depurative and febrifuge (root and leaves)

Diuretic, urinary antiseptic, tonic, stimulant

Inhibits vomiting (root decoction) and antiviral (plant); antidote, aperient, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative, rubefacient.

Vermifuge (decoction of the root-bark); used as an astringent gargle (infusion of bark); diuretic (fruit); tonic and aphrodisiac (seeds).

Anti-inflammatory, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, tonic, aphrodisiac (fruit); anthelmintic (seed); antiviral (plant); highly nutritive, cooling, laxative and diuretic.

Anthelmintic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic and stimulant (bark); anti-inflammatory, analgesic and rubefacient (bark essential oil)

Kills bacteria (essential oil); anti-inflammatory, cholagogue, diaphoretic (plant); diuretic and laxative (bark); anticholesterolemic and diuretic (leaves);

Anti-inflammatory, cholagogue, diaphoretic; diuretic and laxative (bark); bitter and astringent (inner bark); anticholesterolemic and diuretic (leaves); diuretic (vernal sap)

Antiseptic, aperient, astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, narcotic, sedative, styptic and sudorific (whole plant)

Antimicrobial, diuretic, digestive stimulant, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic (leaves); antioxidant, hepatoprotective, insect repellant, diuretic, hypocholesterolemic (seeds).

Diuretic (root); aphrodisiac, expectorant and deobstruent (seeds)

Carminative and diuretic (plant); insecticidal (against Earias vittella adults)(essential leaf oil); antibacterial and antifungal (oil)

Antifungal, antimicrobial and repels insects (essential leaf oil); astringent (root); astringent, diuretic, and febrifugal (leaf juice)

Antiphlogistic, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic and vulnerary (plant); astringent and resolvent (leaves); antiabortifacient, antibacterial, cooling, demulcent, diuretic, resolvent and uterosedative (root)

Antidote, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, laxative, stomachic.

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root)