Antibacterial, immunomodulator (selectively changes some immune functions), central nervous system depressant, analgesic (pain-reliever), antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory.

Alterative, diuretic, laxative and tonic (bark); astringent (leaves); expectorant (buds and bark); disinfectant and laxative (needles and inner bark).

Antimicrobial (leaves)

Stimulant, expectorant, tonic, increases the flow and/or secretion of milk, antiasthmatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic and mildly tonic (plant); antimicrobial (essential oil); astringent (leaves and seeds); stimulant, sudorific, emmenagogue and galactagogue (plant infusion)

Antimicrobial

Bronchodilator, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and pain-reliever (Leaves).

Antibiotic, antimicrobial, anti-neurasthenic, antispasmodic, diuretic, nervine, poison, sedative

Stimulant (essential oil); antimicrobial, expectorant, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, aids in digestion and carminative (plant); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (leaves and flowering stem)

Expectorant, sedative, diaphoretic and pain reliever (flower); narcotic (latex); antimicrobial, anticancer (plant extract); sudorific, sedative and anodyne (petals); anodyne, emollient, emmenagogue, expectorant, hypnotic, slightly narcotic and sedative (flowers and petals)

Abortifacient and aphrodisiac (plant); anthelmintic, narcotic, alterative, lactagogue, antispasmodic, hypnotic, anodyne, emetic, alleviates spasms, narcotic and kills certain insects (seed); antimicrobial, hypertensive, stimulates motor tracts of the central nervous system, acts as an MAO inhibitor, diuretic, stupefacient,diaphoretic.

Laxative, diuretic, antimicrobial, protects the liver, increases the formation and/or secretion of bile and stimulates the secretion of gastric juices.

The seed is antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, pectoral, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, slightly diuretic, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, antimicrobial and kills certain insects.

Carminative (fruit), stimulant, diuretic, lowers blood pressure and reduces fever (root), analgesic (root and fruit), antimicrobial (essential oil), hypoglycemic and induces spasms (plant) antitubercular and hematinic.

Astringent, disinfectant, diuretic and pectoral (inner bark).

Antiinflammatory, insect repellent and disinfectant (flower); anticephalalgic (bark); hypothermic and stimulates the central nervous system (leaf).

Antipyretic, anticonvulsive, spasmolytic, antihepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antihypertensive (root)

Alterative, antibacterial, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, disinfectant, diuretic, expectorant, hemostatic, refrigerant, sedative, stimulant.

Diuretic and astringent (tuber); antimicrobial (rhizome)

Diuretic (leaf); alleviates spasms, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic (pain-reliever), antispasmodic, anticancerous (plant); anti-diabetes mellitus (leaf and stem)

Aphrodisiac, astringent, cooling and tonic (root); antimicrobial, hypotensive and antiarrhythmic (plant).