Anodyne, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, digestive, emollient, expectorant, laxative, ophthalmic, purgative and tonic (herb)

Antimicrobial, diuretic, digestive stimulant, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic (leaves); antioxidant, hepatoprotective, insect repellant, diuretic, hypocholesterolemic (seeds).

Antiarrhythmic and alleviates spasms (root); anticancer (root and leaf); hypotensive (latex); laxative (plant juice); digestive, stomachic and tonic(flower); emetic, diaphoretic, alternative and purgative (root- bark and juice).

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, diaphoretic, digestive, irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue, tonic, rubefacient, irritant, carminative, stimulates the secretion of saliva and gastric juices, stimulates peristalsis of the stomach and lowers blood cholesterol (fruit). It reduces the likelihood of developing, atherosclerosis by reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It also reduces the platelet aggregation and increases fibrinolytic activity.

As rubefacient, antihaemorrhoidal, antirheumatic, antiseptic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, sialagogue and stomachic (fruit); counterirritant (plant)

Analgesic, amebicide, antibiotic, antibacterial, cardiotonic, cholagogue, digestive, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypotensive, laxative, pectoral, stomachic, vermifuge

Antibiotic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, mildly diuretic, emetic in large doses, febrifuge and purgative (root)

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, emmenagogue, galactogogue, stimulant, expectorant, antiemetic and relieves bad breath (seed); aids in digestion and carminative (seed and fruit); alleviates spasms (essential plant oil and alcohol fruit extract).

The seeds are acrid, bitter, thermogenic, emollient, stimulant, intellect promoting, digestive, laxative, emetic, expectorant, appetizer, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge and tonic, improves learning and memory and shows cognitive enhancing abilities through an anti-cholinesterase-like mechanism.

Appetizer, aromatic, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emetic, weakly febrifuge, hepatic, stomachic and tonic (herb)

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, astringent and digestive (fruit)

Antispasmodic (to the gastrointestinal tract), stimulates the flow of bile soothes and aids in healing digestive parts, kills microbes in the upper respiratory tract and sedative. Acrid, alterative, anodyne, antispasmodic, caustic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, hydrogogue, narcotic, purgative (leaves and sap)

Carminative (seed); promotes or stimulates the flow of bile and gastric juices, protects the liver, diuretic, laxative, purifies the blood, coolant, sedative, diaphoretic, antiinflammatory and antispermatogenic. Appetizer, cholagogue, depurative, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, laxative and tonic (root and leaves)

Antimalarial (plant and bark); antiarrhythmic and cardiotonic (plant); antipyretic, stringent and antiseptic (bark); antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antispasmodic, bitter digestive aid, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart).

Antibacterial, antifungal, aphrodisiac, carminative, digestive tonic, diuretic, and stimulant.

Antirheumatic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, antiviral, aperitif, bactericidal, febrifuge, restorative, tonic, diuretic and stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); anthelmintic and antibilious (fruit juice), antiemetic, antitussive, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive and expectorant (fruit). An oil obtained from the seeds contains linolenic acid, which has the ability to reduce cholesterol level in the blood.

Adaptogen, appetizer, digestive, galactogogue, sialagogue, stomachic and tonic (root, whole plant)

Analgesic, locally anaesthetic, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, bitter, blood tonic, carminative, cholagogue, digestive, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (root).

Carminative, depurative, digestive and diuretic (young growing tips)

Antiseptic, astringent, bitter, digestive, hypotensive, narcotic, sedative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic.