Carminative, digestive, sedative and tonic (flower heads); anodyne, anthelmintic, carminative, discutient, diuretic, oxytocic, sedative, stimulant, tonic, vermifuge and vulnerary (stem bark)

Appetizer, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stomachic and tonic (leaves and flowering stems)

Analgesic, aperitif, astringent, cardiac, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, odontalgic, sialagogue, sternutatory and styptic (leaves)

Anodyne, antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, bitter, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue and vasodilator (roots)

Antifungal, antibacterial, antiperiodic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, aromatic, cardiac, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenaggue, febrifuge, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (root); anodyne, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, digestive, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, sudorific, tonic, vermifuge (whole plant)

Hypoglycemic (root bark); anthelmintic and antifungal (seed); antiviral, astringent, laxative, carminative, hypothermic, hemostatic and arrests secretions, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial (against Salmonella and Vibrio cholera) (fruit); antibiotic activity (fruit, leaves and roots); sweet, aromatic, cooling, alterative and nutritive (ripe fruit); laxative (fresh fruit); astringent, digestive, stomachic, and constipative (unripe fruit); stimulant, antipyretic and antiscorbutic (pulp).

Antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive tonic, diuretic, kidney tonic, stimulant, tonic, urinary antiseptic, uterine stimulant.

Digestive, hypotensive and tonic (whole plant)

Antibacterial, cardiac, depurative, digestive, stimulant, anti-emetic, stomachic and tonic (plant); antiseptic and vulnerary (leaves and bulbs); as antiseptic mouthwash, carminative and stomachic (seeds).

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Digestive, diuretic, expectorant, poultice and stimulant (fresh plant)

Acrid, astringent, digestive, depurative, urinary astringent, ophthalmic, anthelmintic (seed and bark); anticancer, immunosuppressive and stimulates the cardiovascular system (stem).

Laxative, aphrodisiac, digestive, astringent, diuretic, stimulant, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, antimicrobial and anthelmintic; freshens breath and strengthens gums (paste).

Stimulant, rubefacient (plant); antiseptic, aperient, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient and stimulant (roots)

As antiperiodic, antiseptic, digestive and febrifuge (leaves); antimalarial (plant)

Depurative, antiphlogistic, febrifuge, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (whole plant); antiperiodic, antiseptic, digestive and febrifuge (leaves).

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, digestive, disinfectant, febrifuge, ophthalmic, poultice and sedative (plant)

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant, slightly tonic (plant); appetizer, diuretic, haemostatic and stomachic (leaves); antirheumatic, antispasmodic, and stomachic (stem)

Antiemetic, appetizer, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stomachic and tonic (rhizome)

Antibacterial, antiemetic, appetizer, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root)