Anticholinergic, antidote, antispasmodic, anxiolytic, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, hallucinogen, hemostatic, laxative, myorelaxant, narcotic, psychomimetic, sedative, tonic, tranquilizer, vasodilator and vulnerary (leaves)

Demulcent (root), antibacterial (essential root oil), antiviral (plant), diaphoretic, diuretic, purifies blood and restores normal bodily functions, alterative, tonic, has antibacterial and antilithic activity.

Expectorant and stomach tonic (herb); antiseptic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, pectoral, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (leaves and flowering tops)

Demulcent, alterative, tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic antiviral (plant); antipyretic (root, leaf and stalk); purifies blood (root).

Diaphoretic, expectorant, febrifuge and tonic (leaves); emetic and purgative (berries); diuretic (root)

Emetic, diuretic and cathartic (dried root); alterative, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and sialagogue (root)

Abortifacient, antibacterial, antiedemic, antiinflammatory, antimitotic, antimutagenic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, choleretic, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, expectorant, hallucinogen, hepatoprotective, hepatotoxic, immunostimulant, narcotic, sedative and vulnerary.

As a febrifuge, diaphoretic and stimulant (decoction of the leaves and flowers)

Antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emetic in large doses, emmenagogue, narcotic, parasiticide, stimulant and stomachic (leaves); antiseptic, aromatic, digestive, narcotic and stimulant (fruit)

Antipyretic and diaphoretic (roots).

Mild diuretic, cardiotonic and sedative; tonic, antispasmodic, diuretic, analgesic and emmenagogue. Antispasmodic, astringent, cardiac, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, stomachic, tonic and uterine stimulant (leaves)

Antispasmodic, antitussive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic and vulnerary (whole plant and flowers); anti-spasmodic and in large doses emetic (plant)

Alleviates spasms, stimulant, diaphoretic, laxative, anthelmintic, antiseptic and insecticidal (plant).

Acts as an anthelminthic, stomachic, stimulant and diaphoretic (decoction of the leaves); febrifuge (roasted leaves).

Analgesic, antifungal, antirheumatic, antispasmodic and diaphoretic (roots)

Antirheumatic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, digestive, expectorant, febrifuge and stomachic (roots)

Anodyne, antibacterial, antifungal, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, hypotensive and sedative (root)

Antibacterial, antiseptic, antitumour, cardiotonic, diuretic and tonic (fruit); anodyne, diaphoretic, febrifuge, pectoral and vulnerary (leaves); diaphoretic (bark)

Aromatic, decongestant, stomachic (plant); diuretic and vermicidal (fruit); febrifuge (seed); anodyne, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, stomachic and tonic (root)

Abortifacient, analgesic, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, stimulant, tonic and vermifuge (decotion of plant); aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stimulant, tonic and vermifuge (bark); carminative (fruit)