Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, carminative, contraceptive, diaphoretic, expectorant, nervine.

Tonic and diuretic (bark); vulnerary (bruised roots); astringent (young buds and the milky juice); diaphoretic (decoction of leaves); aphrodisiac (concentrated juice and fruit).

Astringent, emmenagogue and a bitter tonic (bark); diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and strongly laxative (inner bark); aphrodisiac (seed)

Bitter tonic, astringent, antiperiodic (bark); astringent, cathartic, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative and purgative (leaves); carminative (seed)

Diaphoretic, diuretic and laxative (leaves)

Antispasmodic, aperient, cholagogue, depurative, slightly diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative, hepatoprotective and weakly tonic (herb)

Diaphoretic, diuretic, galactogogue and hypoglycaemic (leaves and flowering tops)

Alterative, antiphlogistic, aperient, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, tonic and vulnerary (whole plant except root)

Diaphoretic and diuretic (plant); contraceptive (decoction of plant).

Antispasmodic, cardiac, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative (leaves); in the treatment of insomnia and nervous tension, varicose veins, biliary obstruction, hepatitis and jaundice (infusion)

Analgesic, anticholinesterase, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antidote, bronchodilator, CNS depressant, diaphoretic, hypotensive, mydriatic, nervine, respirasedative, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (root).

Cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, stimulant and vasoconstrictor (twigs, leaves and flowering stems)

Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stomachic, styptic and tonic (root)

Astringent, styptic, sudorific, antiseptic, tonic and aromatic; anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stomachic, styptic and tonic (root)

Cathartic, slightly diaphoretic, a mild and efficient emetic, expectorant and tonic (dried powdered root bark); strongly laxative and emetic (tea from whole plant); tonic, emetic, a cathartic, expectorant, purgative, tonic emetic, and expectorant (root).

Analgesic, antibacterial, antipyretic, diaphoretic and expectorant (root)

Astringent, antiseptic, anticatarrhal, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic

Antibacterial, antidote, antiseptic, antiviral, astringent, bronchodilator, CNS-stimulant, cytotoxic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, respirastimulant, stomachic and uterotonic.

Antiseptic, cytotoxic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, insecticide, purgative.

Carminative, rubefacient, stimulant (leaves or flowering stems); stimulant, carminative, and emmenagogue (oil); relaxant, stimulant, diffusive (plant); abortifacient, allergenic, analgesic, anesthetic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, decongestant, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine.