The leaves and the flowers are cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and sternutatory; cardiotonic (leaf, bark, root and seed); induces tears (fresh leaf juice); stimulant, antiinflammatory and relieves pain (bark, root and seed)

Laxative, diaphoretic, cholagogue, antiinflammatory (leaf juice); expectorant (bark).

Antiperiodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and pectoral (fruit)

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (herb)

Stimulant (essential oil); antimicrobial, expectorant, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, aids in digestion and carminative (plant); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (leaves and flowering stem)

Laxative (seed); astringent and diaphoretic (root bark); diuretic (bark); alleviates spasms (fruit); anthelmintic, carminative and antiarthritic.

Expectorant, sedative, diaphoretic and pain reliever (flower); narcotic (latex); antimicrobial, anticancer (plant extract); sudorific, sedative and anodyne (petals); anodyne, emollient, emmenagogue, expectorant, hypnotic, slightly narcotic and sedative (flowers and petals)

Aperient, alterative, emetic, expectorant and tonic (bark and fresh young shoots); aperient, astringent and diuretic (tea made from the leaves); astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic (shoot extract)

A valuable non-addictive sedative and tranquilliser, slightly reduces blood pressure and increases respiratory rate (plant); antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic, hypnotic, narcotic, sedative and vasodilator (leaves and stems).

Roots are cooling, demulcent, carminative, diaphoretic and diuretic; alleviates spasms and antiprotozoal (plant); reduces fever and astringent (root). Leaves and young shoots are used as an emollient.

Abortifacient and aphrodisiac (plant); anthelmintic, narcotic, alterative, lactagogue, antispasmodic, hypnotic, anodyne, emetic, alleviates spasms, narcotic and kills certain insects (seed); antimicrobial, hypertensive, stimulates motor tracts of the central nervous system, acts as an MAO inhibitor, diuretic, stupefacient,diaphoretic.

Sedative, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, stomachic, tonic, hypothermic, alleviates spasms, antiasthmatic, abortifacient and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); stimulating the intestinal tract (essential oil); carminative, antiinflammatory and diaphoretic (seed, stem and leaf); antiasthmatic, antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

Analgesic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic and diuretic (root and leaves)

Diuretic, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (seed); antibacterial, anticancer, antidepressant, antipyretic, cardioprotective, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, resolvent, mutagenic.

Narcotic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and tonic.

Expectorant and prevents stones in the urinary tract; aromatic, acrid, pungent, diuretic and diaphoretic (dried root); antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, resolvent and stomachic (leaves and root)

Rubefacient, expectorant, antiseptic, diuretic and vermifuge (oil); diaphoretic and stimulant (wood)

Diaphoretic, antipyretic and astringent (leaf and root); stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); antidysenteric and nervine tonic (leaf).

Alternative, antipyretic, astringent, diaphoretic, expectorant

Bitter, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, mildly expectorant, galactogogue (herb)