Astringent, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, tonic, vulnerary.

Antioxidant, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, nutritive (inner bark); abortifacient (whole bark)

Emollient, refrigerant and styptic (leaves); maturative (flowers); pectoral and expectorant in dry coughs (decoction of flowers); vermifuge (decoction of seeds).

Expectorant, soothing and healing (all acting together), kills bacteria, antiinflammatory and mildly antispasmodic and diuretic; anodyne, antiseptic, astringent, demulcent, emollient, expectorant and vulnerary (flowers and leaves);

Diuretic and expectorant (aerial parts, especially the flowers); emollient (leaves).

Anodyne, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, cardiac, demulcent, depurative, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, laxative, vulnerary stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic (plant); emetic and purgative (root)

The fresh fruit is antilithic, constructive, cooling, diuretic and strengthening. The dried fruit is demulcent, cooling, mildly expectorant, laxative and stomachic. The leaves, especially red leaves, are anti-inflammatory and astringent. The seed is anti-inflammatory and astringent. The sap of young branches is diuretic.

Abortifacient, laxative, febrifugal, purgative and emollient (plant); hypothermic and sedative (plant-low dosage); excitedness (plant-high dosage); antisyphilitic (root)

Antiepileptic, sedative, laxative, diaphoretic, emollient, diuretic, sedative and antibilious (plant); antiinflammatory, antitumor and hypothermic (root); astringent, alterative, antisyphilitic and diuretic (leaves)

Cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, lithontripic, mildly stimulant and vasodilator (corn silks); diuretic and a mild stimulant (seeds); anticancerous (plant)

Antihelminthic and anti-diarrheic (boiled leaves); narcotic, tranquilliser, sedative, emollient and astringent (fruits)