Narcotic (plant); antispasmodic, cathartic, emetic, narcotic and sedative (leaves).

Anti-inflammatory and antiviral (plant); alterative, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, expectorant, hypnotic, narcotic and purgative (root); anodyne and anti-inflammatory (dried root); cathartic, emetic and expectorant (leaves).

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, cathartic (in large doses), cholagogue, laxative, stomachic and bitter tonic (rhizome)

Antidote, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, cathartic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, secretagogue, secretolytic, sialagogue, stimulant and tonic (root); abortifacient (bark infusion)

Cathartic, cyanogenetic, discutient, emetic, stomachic, and vulnerary.

Cathartic, depurative, diuretic, laxative and violently purgative (berries)

Cathartic, diuretic, emmenagogue, laxative, purgative and stomachic (root)

Cathartic, diuretic and vermifuge (leaves and seedpods); cardiac and febrifuge (roots)

Astringent, cathartic and styptic (leaves and blossoms); diuretic (oil obtained from plant)

Galactogogue (plant); febrifuge (leaf and root); laxative (gum); vermifuge (roots); hydrogogue and cathartic (stem juice)

Antifungal (aerial part); anticholinergic, astringent, febrifugal, stomachic and dangerously emetocathartic (seed); expectorant (seed oil)

Used as a tonic or a diuretic (fruit); diuretic and expectorant (leaf decoction); febrifuge (juice of macerated leaves); emetic and cathartic (bark)

Counteracts hyperactivity from amphetamines, stimulates the cardiovascular system and alleviates spasms (plant); cathartic (powdered root with ginger).

Analgesic, anthelmintic, cathartic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, hypnotic and sternutatory (roots)

Anodyne, cathartic, emetic, hepatic, laxative and tonic (root); antiseptic, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, hepatotonic.