Cardiotonic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and astringent (leaves).

Analgesic, amebicide, antibiotic, antibacterial, cardiotonic, cholagogue, digestive, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypotensive, laxative, pectoral, stomachic, vermifuge

Cough suppressant, anti-asthmatic, decongestant, antispasmodic, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart)

The seeds are acrid, bitter, thermogenic, emollient, stimulant, intellect promoting, digestive, laxative, emetic, expectorant, appetizer, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge and tonic, improves learning and memory and shows cognitive enhancing abilities through an anti-cholinesterase-like mechanism.

Depresses the central nervous system, purifies blood, laxative, anthelmintic and cardiotonic (plant); anti-scorbutic, anthelmintic, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, mildly laxative, odontalgic (leaves)

Antimalarial (plant and bark); antiarrhythmic and cardiotonic (plant); antipyretic, stringent and antiseptic (bark); antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antispasmodic, bitter digestive aid, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart).

Abortifacient, analgesic, anesthetic, anthelminthic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiseptic, cardiodepressant, cardiotonic, gastrostimulant, hypotensive, oxytocic, stimulant, teratogenic, tonic, uterotonic.

The root is used as a mild laxative, sudorific and antipyretic. Alleviates spasms, anticonvulsant, lowers blood pressure, sedative, slows heartbeat and cardiotonic (root and stem); diuretic (aerial part); reduces fever and expectorant (root).

All parts of the plant are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative, Hear stimulant and sedative

Laxative and cardiotonic (seed); carminative (leaf infusion); appetizer, carminative, demulcent, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (leaf)

Analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic and sedative (root); antitussive, cardiotonic, hypotensive and anticancer (plant extract)

Antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, cardiotonic, hypotensive, stomachic, vasodilator (fruit); alterative, antiscorbutic, deobstruent, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (dried fruit)

Cardiotonic, Hypotensive (flower and fruit)

Narcotic, cathartic and strongly diuretic (plant); cardiotonic, cathartic, diuretic, emetic and vasoconstrictor (seeds or young herbaceous tips of flowering shoots)

Atiscorbutic and astringent (flowers, leaves); Cardiotonic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, laxative, restorative and tonic (seed)

Aromatic, stimulant, alexiteric, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic and nervine (flowers); vermifuge (plant)

Cardiotonic, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (leaf); promotes and stimulates the activity of all muscle tissues, improves blood flow to the kidneys and aids in removing any obstructions there thus improving urination, poisonous (can be fatal in high doses) and sedative.

Antispasmodic, emmenagogue, cardiotonic, and antiasthmatic

Acrid, coolant, refrigerant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, expectorant, cardiotonic, antipyretic, antioxidative, antiviral, anti-emetic.

Stimulant and cardiotonic (plant); antitussive, diuretic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, hypertensive, nervine, tonic and vasoconstrictor (stem)