Antibiotic, antiseptic and balsamic (buds); antiseptic and astringent (bark); antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, eupeptic, expectorant, vasoconstrictor and vulnerary (resin); rubefacient (oil)

Anthelmintic, antipyretic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, astringent, balsamic and vasoconstrictive (cones and young branches)

Antiseptic, bactericidal, balsamic, carminative, cholagogue, fungicide, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (dried rhizome)

Weakly antiseptic, stimulant, carminative, antiinflammatory, balsamic, diuretic, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, neutralizes acid accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract and reduces fever.

Astringent, antirheumatic, balsamic, emmenagogue, styptic, tonic, vermifuge stimulant, haemostatic and diuretic (plant)

Expectorant, antipyretic and antispasmodic (leaves); bitter tonic and a stimulating balsamic expectorant (bitter tea made from the leaves);

Astringent, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and vulnerary (bark); antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, haemostatic, rubefacient and vermifuge (resin)

Anodyne, antiphlogistic, astringent, balsamic and haemostatic (stem); antirheumatic, diuretic and galactogogue (fruit)

Aromatic, balsamic, haemostatic and tonic (leaves); antiseptic (oil); carminative (fruit)

Antibiotic, antiseptic, balsamic, expectorant and sedative (buds, leaves and resin); rubefacient and stimulant (pitch or resin from trunk).

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient and vermifuge (turpentine from the resin); antiseptic, diuretic and expectorant (leaves and young shoots); diuretic and respiratory-stimulant (seed essential oil)

Antispasmodic, astringent and carminative (plant); antispasmodic, appetizer, aromatic, astringent, balsamic, carminative, pectoral and tonic (whole plant and leaves)