Stimulating effect on the circulation and bile production, diuretic (dried or fresh leaves); astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, nutritive and odontalgic (bark, leaves, catkins and fruits)

Rhizome is bitter, astringent, acrid, cooling, purgative, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, depurative, febrifuge, expectorant, tonicanthelmintic, antiinflammatory, stimulant, antifertility and anticholinesterase activity; alleviates spasms and lowers blood pressure (seed); astringent (root).

Antispasmodic, cardiac, diuretic, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (fruit); astringent (berk)

Antiinflammatory, alterative, antipyretic, aperitif, astringent, bitter, cholagogue, contraceptive, demulcent, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, natriuretic, rubefacient, sedative, tonic (bark)

Astringent and antihaemorrhagic (decoction of leaves); pectoral (fruit pulp)

Abortifacient, analgesic, antidote, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, carcinogenic, choleretic, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, laxative, vermifuge, vulnerary.

Emmenagogue, abortifacient, refrigerant, demulcent, emetic, purgative and abortive (leaves). Root is astringent; seeds are corrective of blood, antiimplantation and toxic to the liver.

Antiseptic, astringent, bitter, digestive, hypotensive, narcotic, sedative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic.

Anthelmintic, antipyretic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, astringent, balsamic and vasoconstrictive (cones and young branches)

Astringent (stem bark); laxative, astringent and anti-inflammatory (seed); antivinous, astringent, cardiac, carminative, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, peptic, refrigerant, restorative, stimulant and tonic (fruit)

Purifies blood (plant); astringent (flower); antimicrobial (essential plant oil).

Astringent, diuretic, ophthalmic, alterative, anabolic, antiseptic, aperient, cyanogenetic, demulcent, depurative, emollient, sudorific, vulnerary, hypoglycemic.

As tonic, stimulant, stomachic, febrifuge and astringent (plant); diuretic (rhizome)

Astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic, carminative, increases the secretion of gastric juices, stimulant and diaphoretic (tuber); antipyretic and antiinflammatory (rhizome oil)analgesic, antibacterial, antibiotic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, contraceptive, emmenagogue, lithontripic, sedative, antierysipelas, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge.

Stimulates the cardiovascular system (rhizome); diaphoretic, diuretic, astringent, increases the secretion of gastric juices, dessicant, cordial, stomachic, stimulant and aphrodisiac (tuber)

Astringent

Astringent, expectorant, sedative, tonic.

The roots are used as astringent. Bark or rasping of the wood are alterative; roots are astringent; leaves are bitter and stimulant; alleviates spasms (aerial part); alterative (wood).

Protects liver (of rats) against damage at cellular level (root extract); astringent, expectorant, stimulant, antiparasitic and poisonous (to children and livestock); stimulant, alterative and tonic (root)

Astringent (leaves); drunk locally as a general tonic (decoction of the leaves).