Astringent, bitter (bark); cardiotonic (seed); irritant (plant juice).

Astringent and sedative (leaf); anticancer (plant).

Expectorant, soothing and healing (all acting together), kills bacteria, antiinflammatory and mildly antispasmodic and diuretic; anodyne, antiseptic, astringent, demulcent, emollient, expectorant and vulnerary (flowers and leaves);

Analgesic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antispasmodic, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, stimulant, tonic and vulnerary (leaves and flowering stems).

As a tonic, febrifuge, astringent, alternative, diaphoretic, increasing the secretion of gastric juices, alleviates spasms anticancer and antiviral (plant); antidiarrheal (root); alexipharmic and anthelmintic (seed).

Alterative, astringent, mildly diuretic, mildly expectorant, stomachic and tonic (leaves and roots)

Astringent and stimulates the central nervous system (root); carminative and hypothermic (root oil); diaphoretic (root oil and leaf decoction), diaphoretic (leaves), carminative, stimulant, refrigerant and antibacterial.

Antispasmodic, astringent and sedative (bark); antiscorbutic, emetic and laxative (leaves and fruits)

Abortifacient, anodyne, antispasmodic, astringent, nervine and sedative (root and stem bark)

Abortifacient, astringent, antigalactagogue and antihaemorrhagic (plant extract)

Astringent (root and bark); anthelmintic (bark)

The fresh fruit is antilithic, constructive, cooling, diuretic and strengthening. The dried fruit is demulcent, cooling, mildly expectorant, laxative and stomachic. The leaves, especially red leaves, are anti-inflammatory and astringent. The seed is anti-inflammatory and astringent. The sap of young branches is diuretic.

Abortifacient, adaptogen, antibiotic, astringent, deobstruent, narcotic, sedative, tonic, antitumor, stimulates the central nervous system, antihepatotoxic, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial (leaf); stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk (plant); hypnotic (sedative), aphrodisiac, diuretic, antispasmodic, stimulates the immune system.

Stimulant, astringent, tonic.

Stimulant (in pregnancy), astringent and abortifacient (flower), antibiotic (shoot), stimulant (plant-low dose), depressant (plant-high dose), stimulates the bowel (plant extract), antipyretic.

It has astringent and anti-inflammatory activities, used as an antibacterial in several skin disorders; anticoagulant (fruit juice).

Antiepileptic, sedative, laxative, diaphoretic, emollient, diuretic, sedative and antibilious (plant); antiinflammatory, antitumor and hypothermic (root); astringent, alterative, antisyphilitic and diuretic (leaves)

Analgesic, antialzheimeran, antiarthritic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antihelicobacter, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antiulcer, astringent, candidicide, depurative, fungicide, hemostatic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, sedative, tonic, trypanocide, uterotonic.

Astringent (bark); as an illuminant (seed oil).

Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antimelanomic, antitumor, astringent, analgesic, depurative, fungicide, bitter (plant or root); antiedemic, antiinflammatory, and hemolytic (plant extract).