Antiinflammatory, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, laxative, refrigerant, vulnerary (plant)

Antidiarrheal, astringent, anti-inflammatory and reduces fever (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system, alleviates spasms and cytotoxic (plant); inhibits effects of adrenergic chemicals (aerial part).

The root is bitter, astringent, cardiotonic, cooling, diuretic and tonic.

Freshen the mouth, Kill germs that cause bad breath, Strengthen the health of teeth and gum. The juice is astringent and antiseptic.

Antiviral; astringent and diuretic (leaves)

Anodyne, astringent (mild), demulcent, emollient, expectorant, haemostatic, refrigerant, vulnerary (root and leaf)

Astringent, cooling and tonic (bark)

Astringent (bark); antibiotic (bark, leaves and roots)

Astringent (bark); antiviral (kernel); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); antibacterial (leaf); hypoglycemic (powdered kernel and fruit); decreases free radical formation.

Astringent (infusion of the bark or root).

Antiviral (flower); laxative and reduces fever (fruit pulp); astringent (seed); refrigerants in fevers and as laxatives and carminatives.

Astringent (galls); astringent and bitter (bark)

Astringent and diuretic (branchlets and leaves)

Astringent and aphrodisiac (fruit); antipyretic (fruit and plant); anticancer and hypoglycemic (seed oil); antiinflammatory (plant).

Alterative, astringent, cardiac stimulant, hemostatic, lithontriptic, rejuvinative, tonic.

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, astringent, expectorant, laxative, lithotriptic, rejuvenative, tonic.

Anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, aperient, aromatic, astringent, bitter, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (whole plant).

Alterative, antipyretic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, tonic and vulnerary.

Anticancer, antiviral, alleviates spasms, antimalarial, antifertility and decreases sperm numbers (fruit); light, acrid, cooling and astringent (plant)

Antiviral, diuretic, abortifacient (plant); Alterative, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue (recently dried leafy young twigs); antiseptic, expectorant and rubefacient (leaf esssential oil)