Abortifacient, astringent, emollient (leaf); kills sperm, hemolytic and aids in inducing agglutination of human blood (seed); alleviates spasms (stem bark).

Astringent, demulcent, mildly expectorant, haemostatic, ophthalmic and antibiotic (leaf); Diuretic, hypothermic and antibacterial (plant); vulnerary, alterative, astringent and antiinflammatory (root and leaf); ; diuretic, purgative and haemostatic (seeds)

The leaves are astringent, demulcent, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic and refrigerant.

Stomachic, refrigerant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, tonic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, haemostatic and antitussive (leaves); tonic, sedative, tranquillizer, aphrodisiac, antitussive and haemostatic (seeds)

Anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiphlogistic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, expectorant, haemolytic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (roots).

Diaphoretic, antipyretic and astringent (leaf and root); stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); antidysenteric and nervine tonic (leaf).

Antiperiodic, stimulant, sudorific, stomachic, carminative, astringent, anthelmintic, laxative, expectorant, tonic, alterative, abortifacient, and alexipharmic.

Alternative, antipyretic, astringent, diaphoretic, expectorant

Antipyretic, spermicidal, antivenin (plant); antiinflammatory (leaf); demulcent and astringent (stem and leaf)

Analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, astringent, depurative, emetic, laxative, sedative, tonic, vulnerary.

Diuretic (plant); astringent, demulcent, hypoglycemic, increases nerve strength and aphrodisiac (rhizome)

Anipyretic, antiseptic, expectorant, hemostat; astringent, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative and strongly styptic (root)

Stimulant, hemostatic, sedative, diuretic, styptic, emmenagogue and lithontriptic (plant); antiovulatory, stimulant, diuretic, carminative, tonic and anthelmintic and antifertility (root); anti-inflammatory, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant, stomachic, styptic, antibiotic and cytotoxic (leaf); carminative, diuretic and stimulant (seed)

Antibacterial activity, antiseptic and astringent (plant)

Alleviates spasms, stimulates the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and diuretic (aerial part); astringent (plant).

Antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antispasmodic, astringent, cardiotonic, demulcent, depurative, hypoglycaemic, laxative, sedative, tonic (root and stem); deobstruent and sedative (stem); antipyretic, antitumour, hypoglycaemic and sedative (plant extract)

Diuretic, tonic, vermifuge and contraceptive (seed); antigonorrheic, purifies blood, antibacterial, antiscorbutic, depurative, diuretic and febrifuge (plant); analgesic, anthelmintic, gently laxative, astringent, tonic (to the heart), demulcent, emollient, hemostatic, reduces fever and diaphoretic.

Alleviates spasms, antiinflammatory, hemostatic and astringent (plant); antibacterial (aerial part).

Antispasmodic, antiinflammatory and induces constipation; antibiotic, strongly astringent, haemostatic and hypoglycaemic (root)

Antispasmodic, astringent and febrifuge (roots and herb).