Vermifuge (leaves); Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, atipyretic, astringent, carcinogenic, cardiotonic, deobstruent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, laxative, stimulant.

The root is used as anthelmintic and astringent and the leaves as diaphoretic and emollient; hypoglycemic (root bark).

Anthelmintic and purgative (bark); anthelmintic and astringent (roots); aromatic, cooling and laxative (fruits).

Antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, hypoglycaemic, odontalgic and ophthalmic (leaves); antirheumatic, diuretic, hypotensive and pectoral (stems); antitussive, diuretic, expectorant and hypotensive (root bark); anthelmintic and purgative (bark)

Abortifacient, aromatic, astringent, emmenagogue and stomachic (leaves); antioxidant, antiviral, astringent, bactericide, diuretic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, fungicide, hepatoprotective, insecticide, insecticide, narcotic, sedative, sialagogue, stimulant, stomachic, toxic and vermifuge (plant)

Aromatic and astringent (bark); carminative, pectoral and stomachic (fruit)

Stimulant, carminative, astringent and aphrodisiac

Astringent, antispasmodic and powerfully emetic (bulbs, leaves, flowers)

Repels insects and attracts cats (flower); antispasmodic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, slightly emmenagogue, refrigerant, sedative, slightly stimulant, stomachic and tonic (leaf and flower).

Astringent, stomachic and anthelmintic (fruits).

Antidysenteric, astringent, aphrodisiac, a heart stimulant, useful in improving memory and narcotic (rhizome); alleviates spasms and sedative (alcohol extract of rhizome); anaphrodisiac and sedative (flowers)

Flowers are astringent and cardiotonic.

Alterative, anodyne, antiseptic, astringent and demulcent (root)

Astringent, sedative (bark and leaves); anti-inflammatory, renal-protective.

Antipyretic, antitussive, aperitif, cardiotonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (plant); astringent (root); cardiotonic (flowers)

Aphrodisiac and increases nerve strength (plant); expectorant and astringent (tubers)

Nutritive, astringent, expectorant, antidiarrheal and demulcent

Laxative (seed); astringent and diaphoretic (root bark); diuretic (bark); alleviates spasms (fruit); anthelmintic, carminative and antiarthritic.

Antidote, arsenic, antidote, antipyretic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardiac, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostatic, toxic and vermifuge.

Stops growth of Staphylococcus typhi (alcohol extract of leaves); reduces fever, antiscorbutic, aids in and stimulates digestion and curbs excessive thirst caused by severe heat or diabetes.Anthelmintic, antiphlogistic, antiscorbutic, astringent, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, lithontripic, stomachic and styptic.