Atiscorbutic and astringent (flowers, leaves); Cardiotonic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, laxative, restorative and tonic (seed)

Analgesic and antiinflammatory (root), Astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, expectorant, laxative, nervine, tonic.

Diuretic, emollient, astringent and galactagogue (root); diuretic, stimulant, acrid and aphrodisiac (culm)

Abortifacient, contraceptive, diuretic, emmenagogue, ophthalmic, tonic and vulnerary (plant); astringent, diuretic, haemostatic, resolvent and vulnerary (flowers).

Astringent (root); antihelminthic, purgative, laxative and diuretic (bark).

Astringent (leaf and bark); hypothermic and stimulates the cardiovascular and central nervous systems (leaf); antimicrobial (seed extract); tonic and laxative (fruit)

Astringent (unripe fruit); Employed as an astringent and taken internally as a febrifuge (leaf decoction).

Appetizer, sialagogue; astringent and styptic (stem bark); antitussive, astringent, laxative, nutritive and stomachic (fruit)

Antidote and demulcent(fruits); astringent (seeds); hypoglycemic, antiviral and antiprotozoal (bark); antifertility agent and emmenagogue (plant)

Laxative, are diuretic, laxative and styptic (leaf); carminative and astringent (leaf, bark and fruit); hypotensive (aerial part).

Astringent (fruit and stem bark); acrid, bitter and oleaginous (unripe fruit); cooling, anti-inflammatory, constipating, depurative and febrifuge (bark); diuretic, carminative, laxative, ophthalmic and stypic (leaves); diuretic and aphrodisiac (flowers).

Antiscorbutic (leaves); astringent (inner bark)

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antiviral and hypotensive (plant); anodyne, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, odontalgic and vulnerary (leaves)

Analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, febrifuge, haemostatic, vermifuge and vulnerary (root stalks).

Anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, expectorant, febrifuge, sudorific, vermifuge and vulnerary (root)

The root stalks are anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, febrifuge, vermifuge, vulnerary, anthelmintic.

Astringent (unripe fruit)

Hypothermic, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and carminative (plant); antibacterial, antipyretic, antiviral, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic and stomachic (oil)

Fights diarrhea (root), spermicidal, stimulates uterine contractions and diuretic (seed), contraceptive, astringent, stimulant, anthelmintic (kills Ascaris lumbricoides), antibacterial and carminative (fruit)alterative, stimulant.

A strong urinary antiseptic (flower); astringent, diuretic and tonic (leaves)