Emetic; laxative and antibilious (pod decoction); diuretic (aerial part); hemolytic; alleviates spasms and spermicidal (bark); antimalarial (leaf); spermicidal activity; expectorant; aperient.

Kills bacteria, diuretic and stimulates and regulates metabolism; diuretic, diaphoretic, demulcent, aperient and tonic (rhizome).

Produces spasms and anticancer (50% EtOH extract of plant); antihelmintic and antisyphilitic (root bark); astringent, febrifugal, stimulant, aperient, tonic, diuretic and depurative (plant)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Oxytocic (plant); aperient,carminative and expectorant; the fresh ones are an acrid stimulant and expectorant, and increase appetite and taste (corns); restorative, stomachic, tonic.

Astringent, anodyne, tonic, alexipharmic, tonic, febrifuge, stomachic, cholagogue, stimulant, aperient, antityphoid, antifungal, protects liver, antidiabetic and cholinergic (plant); lowers blood pressure (leaf); antibacterial (shoot).

Aperient, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, nervine, stimulant, tonic, increases nerve strength (fruit); anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and antifungal (essential seed oil); potent aphrodisiac (seed); antigalactogogue, antiseptic.

Antiaggregant, antioxidant, aperient, demulcent, emollient and pectoral (oil from the seeds); anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, decoagulant, demulcent, pectoral, and peptic (seeds).

Kills fungi, antiseptic, diaphoretic, diuretic and one of the best plants for purifying the blood and eliminating toxins from the body, stimulant, tonic, anodyne, anti-scorbutic, aperient, diaphoretic and diuretic

Stimulant, rubefacient (plant); antiseptic, aperient, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient and stimulant (roots)

Antispasmodic, aperient, cardiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative and tonic (plant); diaphoretic, hypotensive, strongly diuretic and laxative (roots); cardiac sedative, palliative, diuretic and laxative (rhizome); antibiotic (seed).

Inhibits vomiting (root decoction) and antiviral (plant); antidote, aperient, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative, rubefacient.

Aperient, carminative, febrifuge, ophthalmic, antiprotozoal, antiviral, anticancer, stimulates the cardiovascular system, respiration and alleviates spasms (root).

Antiseptic, aperient, astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, narcotic, sedative, styptic and sudorific (whole plant)

As an aperient and tonic, the volatile oil is used as a counterirritant and stimulant. Antirheumatic and stimulates pancreatic secretions and the gastric mucosa (seed); hypoglycaemic specifically through an increase in the concentration of hepatic glycogen and glycogenesis.

Antiseptic (flower extract) and antimicrobial (plant extract); diaphoretic (leaves); antispasmodic, emmenagogue and stimulant (flowers); antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aperient, astringent, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, skin, stimulant and vulnerary (flowers and leaves)

Anti-depressant, laxative, antibilious, aperient, appetizer, cathartic, cholagogue, detergent, tonic, vermifuge (herb).

Antibacterial, adntiscorbutic, aperient, disinfectant, depurative, discutient, diuretic, rubefacient, stomachic and stimulant (plant)

Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, aperient, astringent, carminative, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, rejuvenative, and stimulant.

Astringent, diuretic, ophthalmic, alterative, anabolic, antiseptic, aperient, cyanogenetic, demulcent, depurative, emollient, sudorific, vulnerary, hypoglycemic.