Anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, cancer, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator, lowers serum blood cholesterol (while increasing the level of HDL), lowers blood fats, stimulates detoxifying enzymes (from the liver), antioxidant, antibiotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, ascaricide and certain other parasites.

Antibacterial, cardiac, depurative, digestive, stimulant, anti-emetic, stomachic and tonic (plant); antiseptic and vulnerary (leaves and bulbs); as antiseptic mouthwash, carminative and stomachic (seeds).

Anti-cancerous, emmenagogue, emollient, laxative, purgative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge, vulnerary, abortifacient. antiseptic. promotes or stimulates the flow of bile, decoagulant, antibacterial, demulcent, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, ecbolic, insecticidal, anthlemintic (antitubercular), oxytocic and reduces fever.

As a febrifuge, tonic, antiperiodic, antidysenteric, emmenagogue, anticholeric, vulnerary, antiamoebic, and antimalarial (bark); antiseptic (leaves)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Astringent, emetic and febrifuge (leaf); stimulant, astringent, hemostatic, and antiseptic (plant)

As febrifuge and antiseptic (fruit)

As febrifuge, anti-emetic and antiseptic (fruit)

Antiseptic, antidysenteric, antibacterial, antiulcerous, astringent

Anti-fungal, antiseptic, bitter, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, laxative, lenitive, sedative and tonic (rhizome); antiinflammatory, antipyretic, depurative, peristaltic.

Antirheumatic, rubefacient and tonic (leaves); antiseptic, neurotonic, vesicant and toxic (plant).

The root is analgesic, antiarthritic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, CNS Depressant, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic,emetic, immunostimulant, laxative, myorelaxant and sedative. The whole plant is analgesic, antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, blood purifier, disinfectant, diuretic, laxative, stomachic and vulnerary.

Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, stomachic, tonic, expectorant and antiseptic.

Analgesic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antitussive, expectorant and stimulant (root); antiseptic, antiarthritic, antispasmodic, carminative, lenitive, stimulant, stomachic, tonic (plant)

Aperient, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, nervine, stimulant, tonic, increases nerve strength (fruit); anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and antifungal (essential seed oil); potent aphrodisiac (seed); antigalactogogue, antiseptic.

Astringent, diuretic, renal antiseptic (leaves, bark, root)

As stomachic, febrifuge, expectorant, tonic, and emmenagogue or abortifacient (decoction or infusion of the stem); antiseptic (decoction of the wood)

Kills fungi, antiseptic, diaphoretic, diuretic and one of the best plants for purifying the blood and eliminating toxins from the body, stimulant, tonic, anodyne, anti-scorbutic, aperient, diaphoretic and diuretic

Astringent, diuretic and an antiseptic (dried leaves)

Antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, lithontripic, hypnotic and tonic (leaves)