Bitter in taste, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge and antiseptic (plant).

The plant has astringent, deobstruent, stomachic, carminative, diuretic, febrifugal, antiseptic, cooling properties, antidropsical, antigonorrheic and antibacterial (plant)

Antigonorrheic (fruit and flower) and antiseptic (plant)

Antibiotic, antiseptic, balsamic, expectorant and sedative (buds, leaves and resin); rubefacient and stimulant (pitch or resin from trunk).

Analgesic, anesthetic, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, candidicide, carminative, depurative, digestive, fungicide, hypotensive, irritant, larvicide, parasiticide, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic and tonic.

Allergenic, analgesic, antipyretic, antiseptic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.

The seed is antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, pectoral, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, slightly diuretic, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, antimicrobial and kills certain insects.

Analgesic, antiseptic and expectorant (pine tar)

Anodyne and stimulant (seed); antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge (resin)

Rubefacient, expectorant, antiseptic, diuretic and vermifuge (oil); diaphoretic and stimulant (wood)

Antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge (turpentine obtained from the resin); demulcent, diuretic and expectorant (dried inner bark)

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient and vermifuge (turpentine from the resin); antiseptic, diuretic and expectorant (leaves and young shoots); diuretic and respiratory-stimulant (seed essential oil)

Antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge.

Carminative, stimulant, antibacterial and inhibits tumor growth (leaf); anthelmintic, respiratory and cardiac depressant, alleviates spasms and antiseptic (essential oil); contraceptive (root); aphrodisiac and astringent.

Antiseptic, antitubercular and antidysenteric (plant); anthelmintic (leaves)

Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antitussive, cardiac, diuretic, expectorant and haemostatic (leaves); as a bulk laxative (mucilage of seeds).

Diuretic, carminative, stimulant (aerial parts); emmenagogue (leaves); antiseptic and aphrodisiac (oil).

Acts as a kidney tonic (leaves); diuretic, expectorant, antiseptic, haemolytic and sedative (roots); analgesic, diuretic, expectorant and nervine (plant).

Antiseptic, demulcent, tonic and vasodilator (root)

Antiseptic, demulcent, tonic and vasodilator (root)