Stimulates the cardiovascular system, antiinflammatory and alleviates spasms (stem bark); emollient, antitussive and demulcent (gum); aphrodisiac, anti-diarrheic, anti-dysenteric, anti-Plaque, anti-gingivitic.

Used as expectorant and astringent and has antihistaminic properties (leaves); as a febrifuge, anti-dysenteric, antimycotic, antiviral and antimicrobial (fruits)

Pungent, alterative, alexiteric, antidysenteric, antiulcer,antierysipelas,antiepileptic

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, homeopathic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, lithontripic, stomachic, tonic, aphrodisiac, antidysenteric, reduces fever, helps prevent snakebite, sedative, stimulant, increases the secretion of gastric juices. mild counter-irritant, lowers blood cholesterol and blood sugar, antifungal.

As a febrifuge, tonic, antiperiodic, antidysenteric, emmenagogue, anticholeric, vulnerary, antiamoebic, and antimalarial (bark); antiseptic (leaves)

Antiseptic, antidysenteric, antibacterial, antiulcerous, astringent

Antidysenteric and reduces fever (seed); diuretic and stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part).

Emetic, cathartic and astringent (root); antidysenteric, anthelmintic, sudorific (leaf juice) ; anti-ovulatory, anti-implantation and cardiotonic (plant)

Acrid, antidysenteric, anthelmintic, astringent, reduces fever, tonic and increases the secretion of gastric juices (bark); slows down the growth of certain bacteria related to tuberculosis (conessine in bark) antiperiodic, aphrodisiac, bitter, carminative, expectorant, febrifuge.

Antidysenteric, astringent, aphrodisiac, a heart stimulant, useful in improving memory and narcotic (rhizome); alleviates spasms and sedative (alcohol extract of rhizome); anaphrodisiac and sedative (flowers)

Kills mosquito larvae, anthelmintic and antiviral (essential oil); antibacterial (seed); antiasthmatic, irritant, carminative, sedative, diuretic and antidysenteric (fruit)

Antiseptic, antitubercular and antidysenteric (plant); anthelmintic (leaves)

Diaphoretic, antipyretic and astringent (leaf and root); stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); antidysenteric and nervine tonic (leaf).

Reduces fever, antiasthmatic, stimulates the central nervous system, antidysenteric, antimicrobial, alleviates spasms and hypoglycemic (root); hypotensive (rhizome).