Analgesic, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, cholagogue, sedative and vasodilator (root).

Abortifacient, analgesic, antidote, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, carcinogenic, choleretic, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, laxative, vermifuge, vulnerary.

An antidote to poisons and as abortifacient (roots); diuretic (decoction of rhizomes)

Antidote and demulcent(fruits); astringent (seeds); hypoglycemic, antiviral and antiprotozoal (bark); antifertility agent and emmenagogue (plant)

Stomachic (tea made from leaves); as antidote for vegetable poisons (root)

Anodyne, antidote, aphrodisiac, diuretic, and vulnerary (oil); diuretic (roots); laxative (plant sap).

Antispasmodic and antiviral (whole plant); antidote, diaphoretic, diuretic, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator (stem); antihydrotic (root)

Antispasmodic and antiviral (whole plant); antidote, diaphoretic, diuretic, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator (stem); antihydrotic (root)

Pungent, bitter, warm herb that dilates the bronchial vessels whilst stimulating the heart and central nervous system. Antidote, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator (stem); antihydrotic (root)

Anticephalgic, aphrodisiac, anodyne, diaphoretic, nerve sedative, digestive and stimulant tonic (whole plant); poison antidote (root decoction).

Stomachic and poison antidote (leaves)

Chewed as an antidote (roots); purgative (latex of leaves and fruits); emetic (fruits); sudorific to headaches (leaves); diuretic (decoction of roots).

Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal (seeds); antiseptic (herb); stimulates the heart, nervous system, gall bladder, antidote, antiphlogistic, antitussive, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative and tonic (fruit)

Antidote, antitussive, astringent, expectorant, galactogogue and purgative (bulb)

Analgesic, anticholinesterase, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antidote, bronchodilator, CNS depressant, diaphoretic, hypotensive, mydriatic, nervine, respirasedative, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (root).

Antidote, anti-inflammatory and febrifuge

Antiviral (stem bark); hypoglycemic (wood and bark); anthelmintic (leaf juice); laxative, blood purifier and hypothermic. It is bitter, appetiser, brain tonic, energiser, digestive, removes dropsy, alleviates thirst and burning sensation of body. Its fruits are unctuous, heavy, cooling, astringent, brain tonic, cardiotonic, aphrodisiac, increases semen, removes urinary troubles and impurities of blood. It is an antidote to snake bite and some other poisons.

Antibacterial, antidote, antiseptic, antiviral, astringent, bronchodilator, CNS-stimulant, cytotoxic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, respirastimulant, stomachic and uterotonic.

Anticholinergic, antidote, antispasmodic, anxiolytic, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, hallucinogen, hemostatic, laxative, myorelaxant, narcotic, psychomimetic, sedative, tonic, tranquilizer, vasodilator and vulnerary (leaves)

Antiviral (leaf); intoxicating and anodyne (plant); expectorant, good antidote for snakebites, antiasthmatic.