Antibacterial, stimulant, expectorant and diaphoretic (plant); anticephalagic (leaf); the oil possesses direct muscle-relaxant action and also bactericidal and fungicidal properties, and may prove useful as an anti-spasmodic drug and as a clinical fungicide.

Anticephalagic (plant and seed); antiseptic, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and hypothermic (plant); induces sneezing (leaf and seed powder); anti-allergic, antibacterial; bitter, pungent, expectorant, emetic and carminative (leaves); vermifuge (seed).