Alterative, deobstruent, discutient, diuretic, expectorant and vulnerary (roots).

Alterative, anaesthetic, deobstruent, discutient, diuretic, expectorant, vulnerary (roots); analgesic, local anesthetic and antispasmodic (decoction of roots).

Alterative, antibacterial, antifungal, diuretic; antiasthmatic, antiseptic, antitussive and expectorant (fruit and capsule); anodyne and anti-inflammatory (root)

Astringent, tonic, alterative, purgative, emollient, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and antiviral.

Anti-inflammatory, styptic and alterative (decoction of the leaves); antirheumatic and analgesic (whole plant)

Abortifacient, alterative, anesthetic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypertensive, laxative, narcotic.

Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemolytic, hepatic, pectoral, sedative (root)

Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemolytic, hepatic, pectoral, sedative (root)

Alterative, antirheumatic, cathartic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge, oxytocic and vermifuge (leaves, bark); diaphoretic (wood)

Antiarrhythmic and alleviates spasms (root); anticancer (root and leaf); hypotensive (latex); laxative (plant juice); digestive, stomachic and tonic(flower); emetic, diaphoretic, alternative and purgative (root- bark and juice).

Antitubercular (flower tops and root) and anticonvulsant (plant); nervine and alterative tonic.

Tonic, laxative, an alternative, and a nerve tonic (whole plant).

Emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, alterative and tonic (plant)

Antispasmodic (to the gastrointestinal tract), stimulates the flow of bile soothes and aids in healing digestive parts, kills microbes in the upper respiratory tract and sedative. Acrid, alterative, anodyne, antispasmodic, caustic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, hydrogogue, narcotic, purgative (leaves and sap)

Alterative, antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, rubefacient, stimulant and tonic (whole plant); rubefacient (fresh leaves)

Alterative, analgesic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, blood cleanser, cardiac, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, sudorific and tonic.

Used as an alterative, diuretic and blood purifier (decoction of the dried tuberous roots)

alterative, laxative and anti-inflammatory agent (bark); expectorant (plant)

Stimulates "uterine motility" of rats and inhibits "intestinal motility" (plant extract); stimulates the cardiovascular system, alterative (plant).

Antigout (seed and corm); alterative, aphrodisiac, carminative and laxative (corms)