Antibiotic, antiseptic and balsamic (buds); antiseptic and astringent (bark); antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, eupeptic, expectorant, vasoconstrictor and vulnerary (resin); rubefacient (oil)

Diuretic, expectorant and highly stimulant (oil)

Antirheumatic, expectorant and stimulant (oil from leaves)

Antispasmodic and carminative (leaf); barbiturate potentiation (leaf alcohol extract)antiperiodic, astringent, carminative, expectorant, stomachic, tonic.

Cytotoxic and anthelmintic (seed); antiestrogenic (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); Abortifacient (seed and root), anodyne, aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, hemostat, laxative, purgative, refrigerant, sedative, vermifuge, anti-fertility activity (Prakash & Mathur, 1976), antitumour activity

Laxative and expectorant (seeds); demulcent (leaves); antipyretic (roots); demulcent and diuretic (infusion leaves or roots); astringent and diuretic (bark).

Demulcent, aphrodisiac, laxative, diuretic, pulmonary and sedative (leaves); Astringent and diuretic (bark); Laxative, expectorant and demulcent (seeds); laxative and tonic, promoting the libido and relieving feverishness and producing a felling of coolness, antiinflammatory and anthelmintic (plant); analgesic (fixed oil).

Antifungal, alleviates spasms, analgesic and lowers blood sugar (stem bark); hemostatic (leaf and bark); expectorant (pod); astringent, demulcent, aphrodisiac and nutritive. Gum extract (Akakia) is styptic, tonic and astringent.

Emetic; laxative and antibilious (pod decoction); diuretic (aerial part); hemolytic; alleviates spasms and spermicidal (bark); antimalarial (leaf); spermicidal activity; expectorant; aperient.

As an emollient, laxative and diuretic (decoction of leaves and flowers); expectorant (bark)

Expectorant and induces nausea (root); antibacterial (plant); diuretic and laxative; Cathartic, anthelmintic, emetic, anodyne and hypnotic, antimicrobial activity (extract of dried leaves).

Analgesic, sedative, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, anticonvulsant, antidiarrheal, antirheumatic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, purifies the blood, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, reduces fever, hemostatic, laxative, kills fleas and lice.

Antifungal, antibacterial, antiperiodic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, aromatic, cardiac, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenaggue, febrifuge, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (root); anodyne, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, digestive, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, sudorific, tonic, vermifuge (whole plant)

Used as expectorant and astringent and has antihistaminic properties (leaves); as a febrifuge, anti-dysenteric, antimycotic, antiviral and antimicrobial (fruits)

Stimulant (root); antitussive and expectorant

Antifungal, cardiotonic and expectorant (root).

Sedative, expectorant, antispasmodic, anthelmintic.

Diuretic, expectorant (plant); antidandruff, antitussive, astringent, demulcent, depurative, emetic, weakly emmenagogue, emollient, weakly expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, pectoral, refrigerant, stimulant, sudorific and tonic (fresh or dried leafy fronds)

Antirheumatic, astringent, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, pectoral and tonic (whole plant)

Astringent, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, resolvent and tonic (fronds)