Anodyne, antiseptic, diaphoretic, diuretic, masticatory and vulnerary (plant); antirheumatic (root decoction)

Antiinflammatory, disinfectant, odontalgic, stomachic, vulnerary

Antispasmodic and carminative (leaf); barbiturate potentiation (leaf alcohol extract)antiperiodic, astringent, carminative, expectorant, stomachic, tonic.

Stomachic (root)

Cytotoxic and anthelmintic (seed); antiestrogenic (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); Abortifacient (seed and root), anodyne, aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, hemostat, laxative, purgative, refrigerant, sedative, vermifuge, anti-fertility activity (Prakash & Mathur, 1976), antitumour activity

Demulcent, aphrodisiac, laxative, diuretic, pulmonary and sedative (leaves); Astringent and diuretic (bark); Laxative, expectorant and demulcent (seeds); laxative and tonic, promoting the libido and relieving feverishness and producing a felling of coolness, antiinflammatory and anthelmintic (plant); analgesic (fixed oil).

Demulcent (leaves); diuretic, emollient, laxative and stomachic (seed)

Carminative, digestive, sedative and tonic (flower heads); anodyne, anthelmintic, carminative, discutient, diuretic, oxytocic, sedative, stimulant, tonic, vermifuge and vulnerary (stem bark)

Antifungal, alleviates spasms, analgesic and lowers blood sugar (stem bark); hemostatic (leaf and bark); expectorant (pod); astringent, demulcent, aphrodisiac and nutritive. Gum extract (Akakia) is styptic, tonic and astringent.

Hypotensive (50% EtOH aerial part extract); cardiacstimulant (aerial part); analgesic and anti-inflammatory; as an antidote for snake poison.

Expectorant and induces nausea (root); antibacterial (plant); diuretic and laxative; Cathartic, anthelmintic, emetic, anodyne and hypnotic, antimicrobial activity (extract of dried leaves).

Anticancer, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic and antispasmodic (essential oil); hemostatic, alterative, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antiemetic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, astringent, purifies the blood, carminative, anthelmintic and anticonvulsive.

Appetizer, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stomachic and tonic (leaves and flowering stems)

Analgesic, aperitif, astringent, cardiac, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, odontalgic, sialagogue, sternutatory and styptic (leaves)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, odontalgic, stomachic and tonic (whole plant)

Anodyne, antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, bitter, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue and vasodilator (roots)

Diuretic, odontalgic, rubefacient and stomachic (herb)

Stomachic, emmenagogue and anthelminthic (root)

Anaesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, cardiotonic, stimulant and vasodilator (root).

Kills insects, Analgesic, Anodyne, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Irritant, Sedative.