Stimulant and astringent (leaf); antifungal and antibacterial (essential oil); anodyne, antiseptic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, refrigerant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator (leaves and flowering plants)

A valuable non-addictive sedative and tranquilliser, slightly reduces blood pressure and increases respiratory rate (plant); antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic, hypnotic, narcotic, sedative and vasodilator (leaves and stems).

Analgesic , antibacterial, antioxidant, hyperglycemic, memory enhancer, nervine (balances/calms nerves), neurasthenic, platelet aggregation inhibitor (to prevent clogged arteries), stimulant, vasodilator.

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Antiseptic, demulcent, tonic and vasodilator (root)

Antiseptic, demulcent, tonic and vasodilator (root)

Antibacterial, antifungal, antirheumatic, antiseptic, demulcent, lenitive, tonic and vasodilator (roots)

Antiseptic and antiasthmatic (leaf and flower); lowers blood sugar (leaf); antihydrotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, galactofuge, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, laxative, alleviates spasms and reduces fever and nausea (plant); kills insects and carminative (essential oil).

Antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic, antiphlogistic, cardiac, diuretic, febrifuge, haemolytic, hypoglycaemic, restorative, sialogogue, tonic and vasodilator (root)

The whole plant is antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, narcotic, purgative and sedative; diuretic (leaf); extracts of the plant are analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and vasodilator.

Restorative and tonic (leaves); analgesic, antibacterial, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, depurative, emmenagogue, febrifuge, resolvent, tonic and vasodilator (flowering stem); cardiotonic and haemostatic (seeds)

Alterative, analgesic, antiaggregant, antiedemic, antiexudative, antiinflammatory, antiprostaglandin, antispasmodic, antitumor, astringent, carcinogenic, carminative, collyrium, decongestant, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, fumitory, hemostatic , hepatotoxic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, insecticide, lactagogue, laxativ, lymphotonic, myorelaxant, nervine, antidote, proteolytic, sedative, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (plant);

Sedative, antispasmodic, cardiac, cytostatic, diuretic, hypotensive, narcotic, nervine, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, emetic, anticancer and has a positve effect on arteriosclerosis (aerial part and leaf); hypotensive (leaf, wood and bark); diuretic and laxative (fruit); cardiotonic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic and purgative (fruit, leaf, wood and bark).

Anaesthetic, anthelmintic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant, sudorific, vasodilator and vermifuge (fruits); anaesthetic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive and diuretic (pericarp)

Anaesthetic, diuretic, parasiticide and vasodilator (pericarp).

Cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, lithontripic, mildly stimulant and vasodilator (corn silks); diuretic and a mild stimulant (seeds); anticancerous (plant)