Appetizer, bitter tonic, digestive, febrifuge, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant and stomachic

Stimulates the liver and increases the secretion of gastric juices (plant); purifies blood, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (root).

Antibacterial and stomachic (roots)

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (roots)

Antibacterial, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (roots)

Antibacterial and stomachic (roots)

Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stomachic, styptic and tonic (root)

Astringent, styptic, sudorific, antiseptic, tonic and aromatic; anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stomachic, styptic and tonic (root)

Ayurveda uses its roots as abortifacient, acrid, alexiteric, anthelmintic, antipyretic, bitter, depurative, digestive, emetic, expectorant, gastrointestinal irritant, purgative, rejuvenative, stomachic, thermogenic, tonic, in dealing debility, dyspepsia, flatulence, haemorrhoids, helminthiasis, inflammations, in promoting labour pain and expulsion of the placenta; stimulates uterine contractions (fresh plant juice and rhizome); antimalarial and laxative (tuber).

Astringent and stomachic (fruit); demulcent, febrifuge (bark)

Antibacterial, antidote, antiseptic, antiviral, astringent, bronchodilator, CNS-stimulant, cytotoxic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, respirastimulant, stomachic and uterotonic.

Alleviates spasms (50% EtOH aerial part extract); antidiabetic. stimulates insulin production and/or secretion and antiviral (leaf); inhibits high blood sugar levels (leaf extract); increases the secretion of gastric juices. laxative. diuretic, acrid, alexipharmic, anodyne, anthelmintic, antipyretic, astringent, bitter, cardiotonic, digestive, emetic,expectorant, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, uterine tonic.

Febrifuge (ground rhizome); carminative and anthelmintic (essential oil from the roots); aromatic, carminative and stomachic (seeds).

The rootstock is carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. Vasodilator, alleviates spasms, hypoglycemic, antiasthmatic, antiinflammatory and stimulant (rhizome); anthelmintic and antimicrobial (essential oil from rhizome).

Diuretic, expectorant; febrifuge, stomachic and nutitive (flower heads and seeds)

Acts as diuretic (dried flowers); stomachic and tonic (leaves); mucilaginous (bark); demulcent (root).

Diuretic (flowers); stomachic (dried leaves)

Protects against infections; stomachic, antidiarrhoeal and antitussive (berries); astringent and vermifuge (leaves and twigs)

The shoots are diuretic. The seed sprouts are demulcent, expectorant, galactofuge, lenitive and stomachic. They are sometimes abortifacient; antiviral and antiprotozoal (50% EtOH plant extract). The seed is digestive, emollient, nutritive, febrifuge and stomachic.