Appetizer, sialagogue; astringent and styptic (stem bark); antitussive, astringent, laxative, nutritive and stomachic (fruit)

Diaphoretic, diuretic and stomachic (root).

Antiscorbutic, analgesic, antibacterial, aromatic, febrifuge, skin, stimulant and stomachic (bark)

Stomachic (tea made from leaves); as antidote for vegetable poisons (root)

Hypothermic, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and carminative (plant); antibacterial, antipyretic, antiviral, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic and stomachic (oil)

The plant is pungent and very bitter; anthelmintic. It is also considered to have tonic, stomachic and laxative properties, stimulates the heart; antipsychotic and antiinflammatory (plant); carminative.

Diuretic, pectoral and stomachic

Antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant and stomachic (leaves); rubefacient and stimulant (seed)

Antirheumatic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, nervine, purgative and resolvent (flowers and stems); aphrodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, stomachic and tonic (seeds); analgesic, antibacterial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, cardiotonic, cardiotoxic, deobstruent, depurative, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, myotonic, peristaltic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (tea made from flowers).

Stomachic, febrifuge and astringent (leaf infusion).

Stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part), emetic, irritant, purgative, stomachic.

Stomachic (leaves).

Stomachic and poison antidote (leaves)

Astringent, stomachic, carminative, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti protozoal, hypoglycaemic .

Stimulates the central nervous system (plant); astringent and stomachic (leaves and young shoots);

Analgesic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, astringent, diuretic, expectorant and stomachic (bark)

The fruit is stomachic, astringent and expectorant; antiasthmatic (leaf).

Stomachic (decoction of leaves).

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (roots)

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (root)