Aromatic tonic, stimulant and internal styptic (leaves); antibacterial and insecticidal (essential oil).

Carminative, stimulant, antibacterial and inhibits tumor growth (leaf); anthelmintic, respiratory and cardiac depressant, alleviates spasms and antiseptic (essential oil); contraceptive (root); aphrodisiac and astringent.

Stomachic, expectorant, and stimulant (fruit)

Carminative (fruit), stimulant, diuretic, lowers blood pressure and reduces fever (root), analgesic (root and fruit), antimicrobial (essential oil), hypoglycemic and induces spasms (plant) antitubercular and hematinic.

Diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antifungal, antibacterial, kills certain larvae and tapeworms and stimulates the secretion of gastric juices (fruit); lowers blood pressure (leaf), abortifacient, antiinflammatory and rubefacient.

Stimulant, carminative, tonic and for postpartum women (fruit); antihypertensive and relaxes muscles (plant); antifungal (stem); colic (root)

Emollient (leaves); emmenagogue, galactagogue, and diuretic (leaf juice); stimulant and diuretic (roots); digestive (decoction of roots); emmenagogue, anti-abortive and antihaemorrhagic (aerial parts).

Analgesic, antitussive, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, odontalgic, sedative and stimulant (resin).

Antiperiodic, stimulant, sudorific, stomachic, carminative, astringent, anthelmintic, laxative, expectorant, tonic, alterative, abortifacient, and alexipharmic.

Diuretic, carminative, stimulant (aerial parts); emmenagogue (leaves); antiseptic and aphrodisiac (oil).

Antidote, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, cathartic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, secretagogue, secretolytic, sialagogue, stimulant and tonic (root); abortifacient (bark infusion)

Expectorant and stimulant (plant); antibacterial, cardiotonic, cerebrotonic, expectorant, haemolytic, hypotensive, sedative and tonic (root); tonic for the kidneys (leaves).

Cardiotonic, sialagogue, stimulant and tonic (roots)

Antiperiodic, antitussive, cardiotonic, demulcent, diuretic, energizer, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, resolvent, sedative and tonic (root); diuretic and stimulant (infusion of roots)

Stimulant, hemostatic, sedative, diuretic, styptic, emmenagogue and lithontriptic (plant); antiovulatory, stimulant, diuretic, carminative, tonic and anthelmintic and antifertility (root); anti-inflammatory, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant, stomachic, styptic, antibiotic and cytotoxic (leaf); carminative, diuretic and stimulant (seed)

Anthelmintic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardiac, cytotoxic, deobstruent, diaphoretic, diuretic, infertility, kidney, odontalgic, skin, stimulant, stomachic, tonic.

Tonic, digestion stimulant, blood cleanser, insecticide and mild laxative.

Antiexudative, antiinflammatory, cardiodepressant, depurative, detergent, expectorant, hemolytic, hepatotoxic, hypocholesterolemic, immunostimulant, laxative, lipolytic, respiradepressant, spermicide and sternutator (bark).

Hypothermic and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); stimulant (leaf); antitussive, diaphoretic and digestive

Sedative, antibacterial, abortifacient, antiinflammatory, alleviates spasms, stimulant and diuretic (plant); antirheumatic, antihysteric and analgesic (leaf); antiepileptic, rubefacient and anthelmintic (volatile oil); antidote, antispasmodic, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, haemostatic, homeopathy, ophthalmic, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.