Antiperiodic, antitussive, cardiotonic, demulcent, diuretic, energizer, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, resolvent, sedative and tonic (root); diuretic and stimulant (infusion of roots)

Stimulant, hemostatic, sedative, diuretic, styptic, emmenagogue and lithontriptic (plant); antiovulatory, stimulant, diuretic, carminative, tonic and anthelmintic and antifertility (root); anti-inflammatory, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant, stomachic, styptic, antibiotic and cytotoxic (leaf); carminative, diuretic and stimulant (seed)

Antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antispasmodic, astringent, cardiotonic, demulcent, depurative, hypoglycaemic, laxative, sedative, tonic (root and stem); deobstruent and sedative (stem); antipyretic, antitumour, hypoglycaemic and sedative (plant extract)

Used as a sedative in ear and eye ailments, and as a skin tonic and hair revitalizer (seed); anthelminthic and emetic (sap from the bark).

Anodyne, diaphoretic, diuretic and expectorant (flowers, leaves); antispasmodic and sedative (yellow corolla of the flower); mildly diuretic, antirheumatic and slows the clotting of blood (root)

Antispasmodic, vermifuge, emetic, astringent, sedative, anodyne, anti-inflammatory and febrifuge

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, hypothermic and antidiuretic (plant); mouth antiseptic (plant infusion); hypotensive, antiviral, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antiemetic, antispasmodic, astringent, purifies the blood, carminative, laxative, diuretic, emetic and sedative.

Antiinflammatory and antiseptic (salted fruit); antipyretic, antiseptic, emetic, ophthalmic; analgesic, anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, sedative and vulnerary (seed)

Astringent, bitter and febrifuge (bark); analgesic, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, astringent, diuretic, hematonic, pectoral, sedative, tonic (berry)

Antispasmodic, narcotic and sedative (fresh leaves)

Demulcent, sedative, diuretic and expectorant action (leaves, bark, flowers and kernels); vermicidal and insecticidal (leaf); diuretic, sedative and vermifuge (flowers); alterative, astringent, demulcent and sedative (gum from the stems); antiasthmatic, antitussive, emollient, haemolytic, laxative and sedative (seeds); demulcent, diuretic, expectorant and sedative (bark).

Antitussive, astringent, pectoral, sedative, stomachic and tonic (bark of the root, trunk and branches); expectorant and mild sedative (root bark and the aromatic inner bark); astringent (fruit)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, astringent and sedative (root)

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, cardiotonic, contraceptive, diuretic, poultice, sedative and tonic (leaves)

Acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antihermorrhagic, diaphoretic, rubefacient (plant); sedative (plant sap)

Hypotensive, anthelmintic, sedative and aids in contracting the uterus (root).

Hypotensive and sedative (root); stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems (plant).

Hypertensive and sedative (root).

Analgesic, anaesthetic and sedative (flowers)

Sedative, antibacterial, abortifacient, antiinflammatory, alleviates spasms, stimulant and diuretic (plant); antirheumatic, antihysteric and analgesic (leaf); antiepileptic, rubefacient and anthelmintic (volatile oil); antidote, antispasmodic, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, haemostatic, homeopathy, ophthalmic, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.