Antibiotic, antiseptic and balsamic (buds); antiseptic and astringent (bark); antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, eupeptic, expectorant, vasoconstrictor and vulnerary (resin); rubefacient (oil)

As rubefacient (leaves)

Diuretic, odontalgic, rubefacient and stomachic (herb)

Analgesic, antirheumatic, galactogogue and rubefacient (root)

Antispasmodic, astringent, bitter, cardiac depressant, diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, rubefacient and vermifuge (root and stem bark); emmenagogue, bechic, deobstruent and ophthalmic (fruit); astringent (leaves); as a wash for parasitic ulcers, itch, and eruptions (leaves, bark of the trunk, and roots)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Increases secretion and flow of saliva, rubefacient and stimulant (root); cordial and sialogogue.

Antirheumatic, rubefacient and tonic (leaves); antiseptic, neurotonic, vesicant and toxic (plant).

Stimulant, rubefacient (plant); antiseptic, aperient, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient and stimulant (roots)

Laxative (seed and plant); stimulates the cardiovascular system and respiration and anticancer, rubefacient (plant).

Inhibits vomiting (root decoction) and antiviral (plant); antidote, aperient, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative, rubefacient.

Anthelmintic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic and stimulant (bark); anti-inflammatory, analgesic and rubefacient (bark essential oil)

Diuretic, emetic, rubefacient and stimulant (seed); antiseptic (mustard flour)

Cathartic, cytotoxic, diaphoretic, expectorant, hydrogogue, irritant, pectoral, purgative and vermifuge, as a rubefacient to muscular and joint pains and pleurisy (root)

Antiviral and antifungal (50% EtOH root and stem extract); rubefacient (bark)

Antiinflammatory (leaf and root); stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, spermicidal, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and rubefacient (plant); diaphoretic, emetic and expectorant(root).

Demulcent, expectorant, immunostimulant, irritant, rubefacient, stimulant and vulnerary.

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, diaphoretic, digestive, irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue, tonic, rubefacient, irritant, carminative, stimulates the secretion of saliva and gastric juices, stimulates peristalsis of the stomach and lowers blood cholesterol (fruit). It reduces the likelihood of developing, atherosclerosis by reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It also reduces the platelet aggregation and increases fibrinolytic activity.

As rubefacient, antihaemorrhoidal, antirheumatic, antiseptic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, sialagogue and stomachic (fruit); counterirritant (plant)

Diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, laxative, refrigerant, rubefacient, stomachic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and inhibits heart activity in dogs subjected to anesthesia (seed); laxative and emetic (root).