Astringent (root); hypothermic and stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); rubefacient (leaves)

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, rubefacient, stimulant and tonic (plant)

Alterative, antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, rubefacient, stimulant and tonic (whole plant); rubefacient (fresh leaves)

Stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part and essential plant oil); sedative (in hysteria), antibacterial, carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, rubefacient, expectorant and aphrodisiac (essential plant oil).

Carminative and stomachic and stimulates the secretion of gastric juices (peel); antibacterial and reduces fever (juice); rubefacient and stimulant (oil); repels insects (peel).

Diaphoretic, diuretic and rubefacient (flowers, leaves).

Analgesic, diuretic and rubefacient (leaves);

Alleviates spasms and anticancer (50% EtOH plant extract); anthelmintic and rubefacient (seed); analgesic (leaf sap); antipyretic (root decoction)

Diaphoretic, rubefacient and vesicant (leaves); anthelmintic, carminative, rubefacient and vesicant (seeds); irritant, acrid, rubifacient and vesicant (bark).

Rubefacient and vesicant (leaves and seeds)

Diaphoretic, rubefacient and vesicant (leaves); blistering and rubefacient (seed and leaf); anthelmintic, carminative, rubefacient and vesicant (seeds); rubifacient, vesicant, sudorific and antifungal properties (leaves); irritant, acrid, rubifacient and vesicant (bark).

Antibacterial, adntiscorbutic, aperient, disinfectant, depurative, discutient, diuretic, rubefacient, stomachic and stimulant (plant)

Antiinflammatory, alterative, antipyretic, aperitif, astringent, bitter, cholagogue, contraceptive, demulcent, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, natriuretic, rubefacient, sedative, tonic (bark)

Rubefacient (bulb)

Laxative, rubefacient and stimulant (seed and its oil); "activates nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in human polymorphs".

Antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant and stomachic (leaves); rubefacient and stimulant (seed)

Anticancer, antiseptic, cathartic, emetic and purgative (plant); violent purgative and rubefacient (leaves); depilatory (latex in the stems); diuretic, parasiticide, antitumor and purgative (seed)

The plant is bitter, pungent, laxative, carminative and alexipharmic. The milky juice of its stem is used as purgative, rubefacient and expectorant, laxative, expectorant and diuretic (latex); dilates bronchial tubes (latex and stem).

Abortifacient, carcinogenic, emetic, immunostimulant, irritant, laxative, rubefacient, sialagogue, toxic and vesicant.

Its stem-extract has antifungal properties and the aerial parts are antiprotozoal. Emetic, laxative, rubefacient, anticancer and astringent (plant); stimulates the central nervous system. hypothermic and antiprotozoal (aerial part).