Cytotoxic and anthelmintic (seed); antiestrogenic (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); Abortifacient (seed and root), anodyne, aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, hemostat, laxative, purgative, refrigerant, sedative, vermifuge, anti-fertility activity (Prakash & Mathur, 1976), antitumour activity

Antibiotic (leaf); hypoglycemic, diuretic and laxative (plant); astringent and prevents tetanus, alterative, antiperiodic and purgative; antifungal activity against Aspergillus carneus (oil).

Alterative, emmenagogue, parturient, narcotic, purgative, and nerve stimulant (plant)

Tonic, carminative and purgative (seeda)

Antifungal and antibacterial (essential leaf oil); kills insects (plant); analgesic, anti-inflammatory, emetic, purgative, decoagulant, depurative, febrifuge, stimulant, vulnerary.

Laxative, astringent, pungent, anthelmintic, purgative and emetic (root bark); alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal and hypoglycemic (leaf).

Anodyne and vermifuge (bark); purgative and anodyne (twig-bark decoction)

Aphrodisiac and abortifacient (root); purgative (leaves)

Anthelmintic and purgative (root and bark decoctions)

Purgative, stomachic, antidote, vermifuge and aphrodisiac (bark decoction); expectorant (ground roots)

Laxative (raw seed); purgative (bark oil); laxative, stimulant and sudorific (kernel).

Acts as a strong purgative (seed)

Laxative and purgative (leaves)

As purgative (leaf sap); laxative (boiled leaves and roots); narcotic (flower nectar)

Anti-cancerous, emmenagogue, emollient, laxative, purgative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge, vulnerary, abortifacient. antiseptic. promotes or stimulates the flow of bile, decoagulant, antibacterial, demulcent, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, ecbolic, insecticidal, anthlemintic (antitubercular), oxytocic and reduces fever.

Purgative (leaves)

Purgative, disinfectant and anthelminthic (plant juice)

Antitussive, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant and vulnerary (whole herb)

Narcotic, emetic, purgative, anthelmintic, laxative and vermifuge (bark)

Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emetic, expectorant, hallucinogenic, purgative, sedative, stimulates cardiovascular system and respiration (root, stem and leaf extract); antiviral (plant).