Cathartic, diuretic, emmenagogue, laxative, purgative and stomachic (root)

Laxative (seed oil); lowers blood sugar (leaf and stem); diuretic and poisonous (can be fatal) (seed); antiviral and stimulates milk production and flow (leaf decoction); anticancer and antiprotozoal (stem and root); kills bacteria, contraceptive, emollient.

Astringent, carminative, diuretic, laxative, ophthalmic and tonic (petals, hips and galls); vermifuge (seeds)

Depurative and stomachic (plant); astringent, diuretic, laxative and refrigerant (fresh or dried leaves); astringent, diuretic and haemostatic (infusion of root).

Diuretic (fresh juice of the leaves); antipyretic, antitumor, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, hemostatic, laxative, peristaltic and refrigerant (whole plant); astringent (root)

Alterative, astringent, cholagogue, deobstruent, depurative, digestive, detergent, laxative and mildly tonic (root)

Acts as a gentle and safe laxative (plant); alterative, antiscorbutic, astringent, cholagogue, depurative, laxative and mildly tonic (root)

Laxative alternative, tonic, and anti rheumatic (root)

Hypothermic, analgesic and depresses the central nervous system (plant); laxative (root).

Astringent (leaves); laxative (roots)

Its roots are considered as cooling, demulcent and diuretic and the stems sweet, laxative, diuretic cooling and aphrodisiac.

The entire plant is considered as laxative and aphrodisiac.

Antiseptic and antiasthmatic (leaf and flower); lowers blood sugar (leaf); antihydrotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, galactofuge, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, laxative, alleviates spasms and reduces fever and nausea (plant); kills insects and carminative (essential oil).

Diuretic, emetic and a strong laxative (inner bark, root bark); stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic (elder flower); antiseptic (leaves).

Antiphlogistic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and laxative (leaves); diaphoretic, mildly diuretic and a drastic purgative (root).

Antiinflammatory, slightly diuretic and laxative, antiseptic and diaphoretic (flower); laxative, diuretic and diaphoretic (leaves); laxative and diuretic (berries)

Diuretic and purgative (barks and leaves); diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, laxative (plant)

Inhibit reverse transcriptase, adjuvant, alterative, analgesic, anthelmintic, anticonvulsive, antidiarrheal, antiemetic, antihemorrhagic, aphrodisiac, blood cleanser, carminative, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hemostat and laxative.

Laxative and anthelmintic (fruit and root bark); androgenic (fruit); contraceptive (seed and fruit); stimulates the central nervous system (fruit rind).

Diuretic and sedative (essential oil); anticancer, anticatarrhal, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, digestive, diuretic, laxative, stomachic, sudorific and vermifuge (plant); antiseptic and carminative (flower)