Kills insects, Analgesic, Anodyne, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Irritant, Sedative.

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, homeopathic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, lithontripic, stomachic, tonic, aphrodisiac, antidysenteric, reduces fever, helps prevent snakebite, sedative, stimulant, increases the secretion of gastric juices. mild counter-irritant, lowers blood cholesterol and blood sugar, antifungal.

Allergenic, alterative, antispasmodic, irritant, taenifuge, vermifuge.

Acrid, irritant, analgesic, anticancer, expectorant and as a sialogogue (root).

Acrid, antiseptic, antifertility, diaphoretic, expectorant, irritant and stimulant (root).

Anthelmintic, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, irritant, powerfully stimulant, stomachic and tonic (root)

Cardiotonic, emetic, irritant, laxative, rodenticide

As an aperient and tonic, the volatile oil is used as a counterirritant and stimulant. Antirheumatic and stimulates pancreatic secretions and the gastric mucosa (seed); hypoglycaemic specifically through an increase in the concentration of hepatic glycogen and glycogenesis.

Cathartic, hydrogogue, irritant, pectoral and purgative (root)

Cathartic, cytotoxic, diaphoretic, expectorant, hydrogogue, irritant, pectoral, purgative and vermifuge, as a rubefacient to muscular and joint pains and pleurisy (root)

Demulcent, expectorant, immunostimulant, irritant, rubefacient, stimulant and vulnerary.

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, diaphoretic, digestive, irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue, tonic, rubefacient, irritant, carminative, stimulates the secretion of saliva and gastric juices, stimulates peristalsis of the stomach and lowers blood cholesterol (fruit). It reduces the likelihood of developing, atherosclerosis by reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It also reduces the platelet aggregation and increases fibrinolytic activity.

As rubefacient, antihaemorrhoidal, antirheumatic, antiseptic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, sialagogue and stomachic (fruit); counterirritant (plant)

Emetic in large doses (root); induces nausea in intermediate doses; diaphoretic and expectorant in small doses; anti-irritant for skin.

Diaphoretic, rubefacient and vesicant (leaves); anthelmintic, carminative, rubefacient and vesicant (seeds); irritant, acrid, rubifacient and vesicant (bark).

Diaphoretic, rubefacient and vesicant (leaves); blistering and rubefacient (seed and leaf); anthelmintic, carminative, rubefacient and vesicant (seeds); rubifacient, vesicant, sudorific and antifungal properties (leaves); irritant, acrid, rubifacient and vesicant (bark).

The seed, with the husk removed, is antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic; astringent and irritant (plant); anticancer (grain); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative, vermifuge (fruits)

Stimulant (petiole juice); stimulates the cardiovascular system (rhizome); irritant (plant raphides).

Stimulant, antispasmodic and counter-irritant (plant); laxative, carminative and antiarthritic (roots or stems).

Stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part), emetic, irritant, purgative, stomachic.